康有為「四書注」的詮釋與定位

Interpretation and Positioning of Kang Youwei’s“Annotation of Four Books”

康有為是晚清爭論最劇的人物之一，歷來評價兩極。康氏對政治的積極投入，毋須多言，獨政治家康有為的合法性基礎，實建立在經學家康有為之上。經學家康有為在面對新舊時代變革之際，欲以經學的核心價值──經世致用，為經學另換新裝登場。雖其最終政學兩失，然此並無損於經學及中國哲學本身的發展，反而可因其學思新變，開啟更多討論。 本文擬以康有為「四書注」為核心，指出他採取非漢宋、非古今、援西入儒的詮釋，實為建構個人由「公羊三世」而「康三世」之義理規模；由「四書注」言「康三世」，正與《大同書》所說互為表裡，隱顯一貫，標誌著經學、儒學必然轉型的意義。康有為「四書注」標誌著他由經注以變道，闡新詮造新制，藉經學致用特徵，創康學、行康教，宣揚全面西化的理念，在時代和經學正典的價值拉扯間，因應時局之變，製造話題、開啟話題：以孔教、經注為外衣，而以康教、康三世為資源，欲以重組、引領、興旺甚至支配時代新局的意圖，是很鮮明的。

Kang Youwei is one of the most controversial characters in the late Qing Dynasty, and people have always had different opinions about him. It is needless to say that Kang was highly active in politics. This legitimacy of his political foundation was based on his status as a Confucian scholar. In the face of changes in the old and new era, Kang wanted to use the core value of Confucian Classics-practical utility, to make an alternative philosophical interpretation for Confucian Classics. Although he did not make good political and scholastic achievement, it did not harm the development of Confucian classics and Chinese philosophy. On the contrary, it could open up more discussions due to the new changes in thought. This article intends to take Kang Youwei’s “Annotation of Four Books” as the core, and point out that his interpretations were neither Han Song nor in a chronological fashion. He introduced the social and political doctrines of Western capitalism into Confucianism. In fact, he constructed his rational scale from Gongyang’s “Theory of Three Social Condition” to Kang Youwei’s “Theory of Three Social Condition”; by using “Annotation of Four Books” to explain Kang Youwei’s “Theory of Three Social Condition”, which is similar to the content of The Book of the Great Unity, marking the significance of the inevitable transformation of Confucianism. Kang Youwei’s “Annotation of Four Books” marked his paradigm shift from classics to new interpretations and creation of his own thought system. He strongly promoted the concept of comprehensive Westernization in the face of strong Classics values. By using Confucianism and annotating the Classics as a formal reason, while utilizing “Kangism” and Kang Youwei’s “Theory of Three Social Condition” as resources, his intention to restructure and dominate the replacement of the new situation was distinctive.