變局下的選擇：張發奎與五0年代香港第三勢力運動

The Choice Under the Changing Situation: Chang Fa-kwei and Hong Kong's Third Force Movement in the 1950s

1950年代於香港風起雲湧的第三勢力運動，其實是美、蘇冷戰結構下的一環，其背後有美國的援助；以及反蔣勢力李宗仁等之奧援，故有其錯綜複雜的國內外背景因素存在。當時第三勢力之要角有：張發奎、顧孟餘、張君勱、左舜生、李璜、張國燾、許崇智、伍憲子、李微塵、童冠賢、邱昌渭、謝澄平、羅夢冊、董時進、許冠三、王厚生、司馬璐、孫寶剛、孫寶毅等，這些人分屬民、青兩黨，部分為國民黨及桂系政治人物。在美國的「金錢」攻勢下，困居香江經濟非常拮据的一些過去在中國略具知名度與影響力的政治人物，霎時成為美國積極物色網羅的對象。在這些黨政軍各界人物中，就屬張發奎的知名度最高及影響力最大了，張為粵系大老，北伐時率領「鐵軍」名震中外，張政治立場較接近汪精衛，也曾有「反蔣」記錄。抗戰期間，曾是淞滬、粵桂戰場的抗日名將，戰功彪炳。國共內戰最激烈的關鍵時刻，他曾膺任孫科內閣的陸軍總司令。由於日本投降後，張被任命為接收廣州、香港、雷州半島及海南島等地的受降最高長官，所以，張在華南、兩廣及香港享有非常崇高的威望地位，這就為張後來於香港從事第三勢力運動，提供了有利的背景與機會。張之所以會從事第三勢力運動，除了「粵桂一體」與李宗仁頗有關係外，蔣對他的冷遇恐也是原因之一。張既然與蔣不對盤，於大局急轉直下之際，代總統李宗仁又不濟事，以其軍人性格及對國家的使命感，另起爐灶之心自在情理之中，尤以後來又順利搭上美國路線，在美國的支持下，張以香港為基地，主張反專制、反極權，擎起反共、反蔣大纛，此即50年代於海外曾喧騰一時的第三勢力運動。本文之作，即以張為主角，論述其與50年代香港第三勢力運動之關係，其中尤以參加「中國自由民主戰鬥同盟」（以下簡稱「戰盟」）及與蔡文治的「自由中國運動」最具代表，此二團體，可說是美國當年在香港佈局第三勢力的文武雙軌組織，在這當中，張都扮演舉足輕重的角色；另外，則分析美國與第三勢力的關係，從而探討張與第三勢力運動之所以失敗的原因始末。

The Third Force movement that raged in Hong Kong in the 1950s was actually a part of the Cold War structure between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was backed by the aid of the United States, and the anti-Chiang forces Li Zong-ren and other reinforcements, so there were complicated domestic and foreign background factors. The significant roles of the Third Force at that time were Chang Fa-kwei, Gu Meng-yu, Zhang Jun-mai, Zuo Shun-sheng, Li Huang, Zhang Guo-tao, Xu Chongzhi, Wu Xian-zi, Li Wei-chen, Tong Guan-xian, Qiu Chang-wei, Xie Cheng-ping, Luo Meng-ce, Dong Shi-jin, Xu Guan-san, Wang Hou-sheng, Sima Lu, Sun Bao-gang, Sun Bao-yi, etc. These people belonged to China Democratic Socialist Party and Chinese Youth Party, and some were KMT and Guangxi Clique political figures. The United States used gain as a lure to snare some politicians who were trapped in financial straits in Hong Kong, and those who had a slight reputation and influence in China in the past became the targets of the United States. Among these figures in the party, government, and army, Chang Fa-kwei was the most well-known and influential. Chang was the leader of the Cantonese family. During the Northern Expedition, he led the 'Iron Army' and became famous at home and abroad. Chang's political stance was closer to that of Wang Jing-wei, and he had a record of 'anti- Chiang Kai-shek.' During the Anti-Japanese War, he was once a famous anti-Japanese general in the Songhu and Guangdong-Guizhou battlefields, and his military career was outstanding. At the critical moment of the most intense civil war between the Kuomintang Party and the Communist Party, he served as the army commander-in-chief of the Sun Ke cabinet. After Japan’s surrender, Chang was appointed as the supreme governor of Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island to accept the Japanese surrender. Therefore, Chang enjoyed a very high prestige status in Southern China, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hong Kong. This provided a favorable background and opportunity for Chang to later engage in the Third Force Movement in Hong Kong. The reason why Chang would engage in the Third Force Movement was that apart from the fact that 'Guangdong and Guangxi are One' had something to do with Li Zong-ren, Chiang's indifference towards him was also one of the reasons. Since Chang and Chiang did not get along well, the substitute President Li Zong-ren was unhelpful at that time when the overall situation turned sharply. With his military character and sense of devotion to the country, it was reasonable for him to back to square one, especially after he came on the American route smoothly. With the support of the United States, Chang used Hong Kong as his base to advocate anti-authoritarianism and anti-totalitarianism, and set up anti-Communism and anti-Chiang movements. This was the Third Force Movement that had been raging overseas in the 1950s. This research takes Chang as the protagonist and discusses his relationship with the Hong Kong Third Force Movement in the 1950s, especially his participation in the 'China Freedom and Democracy Fighting League' (hereafter referred to as the 'Zhanmeng') and Cai Wen-zhi's 'Free China Movement.' These two groups can be said to be a dual-track organization of civil and military forces that the United States deployed in Hong Kong then, where Chang played a pivotal and important role. In addition, this research also analyzes the relationship between the United States and the Third Force, thereby exploring the reasons why Chang and the Third Force movement failed.