A Self-Directed Learning Approach and Attitudes Predict Cognitive Fatigue and Cognitive Presence during Online Learning, and Perceived Online Learning Ineffectiveness: The Case of College Students
Purpose :During the outbreak of the new coronavirus disease COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) epidemic, online learning has changed the traditional learning model. The purpose of this research was to explore how the antecedent of self-directed learning approach and attitudes of online learning can affect participants’perceptions of cognitive fatigue and immersion during online learning that reflect their perceptions of the learning ineffectiveness of online learning.