悲情三昧：牟宗三的生命詩學

Compassionate Wisdom: Mou Tzongsan’s Life Poetics

"牟宗三先生寫作文藝論文，從他北大畢業後一年26歲，迄於39歲所寫的〈水滸世界〉，前後橫跨約有13年之久。這些論文不僅呈現出青年牟宗三的文藝主張，更可由此進一步理解其逐漸開展出的文哲思想之整全圖像，同時折射交映出彼際裡的文學認識。最早的〈理解、創造與鑑賞〉一文，分從本質、讀者、作者來討論文學，這篇戰鬥文字不僅在批駁胡適的活／死文學論，也讓文學的生命由此誕／重生；繼之在〈從詩詞方面研究中國的人生典型〉裡，則抉發中國詩詞表現出的人生哲學，一方面使化民易俗的古典主義收編彼際流行的思潮，並且以價值分判之為，抽空了萬法無常的感傷主義，使之內在形成空缺虛位，企圖召喚新的中國性。 復次，牟宗三在〈紅樓夢悲劇之演成〉裡，意在揭示小說構成悲劇之手法，在客觀分析之外，亦頗流露對悲劇結局的不能自已之情，並暗示以此將墮入「去痛引痛」的無盡循環；行文中又以相當篇幅討論儒家淑世的積極精神，這些逸出或不能自已之感，顯示出他真正肯定的價值所在─乃在於入世的儒門精神，預視了其文學生命將由此一轉，進入下一個成長茁壯的階段。本文最後討論〈水滸世界〉，抉發出其特殊的用言方式，並論證此適足以凸顯牟先生希冀讀者立足於與他同樣的生命高度，參悟證成《水滸》的本然境界，水滸英雄的本質是一個「義」字，迴映了他客觀悲情的生命體悟，欲補天地造物之不齊，也顯示對於挺立民族性的殷切宏願，其文學批評已然是「生命的學問」形態。 本文探究牟先生早期關於文學討論的相關篇章，抉發他始終關懷的是人生哲學、價值哲學之意蘊，這些早年的文藝理論與批評，可視為一個生命誕生、成長繼而蛻變，走向成熟的「生命詩學」隱喻。"

"Mou Tzongsan’s writing of literary theory and criticism has been around for 13 years. He started at the age of 26 after graduating from Peking University and ended up at the age of 39, he wrote “Shui Hu World”. These papers not only show his literary and artistic propositions when he was young, but also further reflect his later ideas as well as the literary trends of the 30s. The earliest article “Understanding Creation and Appreciation” discusses literature in terms of literary essence, readers and authors. This battle text not only refutes Hu Shih’s “classical Chinese writing was dead” theory, but also revives the life of literature. In the study of “the Typical Life of China from the Perspective of Poetry,” Mou analyzes the philosophy of life in Chinese poetry. On the one hand, he makes value judgments on these philosophies of life, affirming positive Confucian philosophy and criticizing negative sentimentalism. Moreover, his analysis of the internality of sentimentalism as “boring” results in a void that clearly has an attempt to summon a new “Chinese characteristics.” Mou discussed the article “The Composition of the Tragedy of The Dream of Red Mansions,” which is intended to analyze the novel’s writing skills of tragedy and also reveals the instinct of the tragic ending, and further suggests that this will break into the endless cycle of pain. In his writings, he discussed the positive spirit of Confucianism in a considerable amount of space. In fact, these seem to be not related to the topic, but these parts that seem to be digressive, showing that he truly affirms the positive Confucian spirit, and finally disagrees with the tragic spirit of The Dream of Red Mansions. It can be seen that his literary discussion will change and he will enter the next stage of growth and strength. The last discussion is the article “Shui Hu World.” The style of this article is very special, because Mr. Mou hopes that the readers can stand at the same height of life as he does, to appreciate the metaphysical realm of Shui Hu. He affirms the heroes in Shui Hu with loyalty, reflecting the wisdom of his life in this period. He hoped to make up for God’s carelessness in creating people. In fact, this shows his desire for the prosperity of the nation-state, and such literary criticism is already a form of “existential learning.” The above discusses Mr. Mou’s early essay on literature. It can be seen that he always cares about philosophy of life and value philosophy. These early literary theories and criticisms can be regarded as a metaphor, from the birth, growth and transformation of life, and could be called “poetics of life.”"