韓國與台灣轉型正義之比較──以濟州4‧3事件的問題點為中心

A Comparison of Transitional Justice in Korea and Taiwan--Focusing on the Problematic Aspects of the Jeju April 3 rd Inciden

本稿以批判性角度檢討在國家領域內轉型正義論扮演的任務，主張分析跨國或跨地域之歷史清算有其必要性，並且運用實證性研究，提出一個新的研究紛爭與和解的可能性。具體實例是以濟州4‧3事件為主軸，探討有關如何克服因國家暴力而出現眾多人命殺戮的「負的遺產」及轉型正義之課題。為了進行深入探討，本文將以台灣二二八事件為例，比較二事件之異同以擴大論述面向。台灣在二十世紀中葉以後與濟州島走過同一時代的歷史，同樣具有處理克服殘酷的大規模暴力與「負面過往」的經驗，因此以台灣為參照軸，透過田野調查的方法，深入考察雙方當前所面臨的課題。嚴謹詳實地檢視國家暴力的真實情形後，發現濟州4‧3事件的轉型正義程序中，只著重是否損害國家認同等層面，也就是以所謂的思想的純潔性來進行「犧牲者化」之運作。另一方面，台灣二二八事件的情形則是，近年日本籍與韓國籍的遺族之賠償請求已獲得認可，以往「犧牲者化」的問題，出現了新的轉折點。這是追求跨國與跨地域歷史清算之目標，獲得實現的一個實例，足以成為韓國濟州及東亞社會在克服歷史認識的對立／糾葛問題時的典範。特別是台灣社會為了克服過去所進行的努力，在以國家組織為主體，進行清算與克服國家暴力留下來的「不義的歷史」之轉型正義實施層面，其相對化及解構化的處理經驗，具有一定的貢獻。

"The purpose of this study is to review the role of transitional justice theory in the national arena from a critical perspective, to provide analysis that proves the necessity of international or cross-regional historical rectification, and to use empirical research to propose new possibilities in researching disputes and reconciliation. The Jeju April 3 rd Incident will be used as an actual example to discuss the issue of transitional justice and overcoming a 'negative legacy' of mass killings brought about by state violence. In order to expand the discussion, this study will use Taiwan's February 28 Incident as an example to compare and contrast between the two events. After the mid-twentieth century, Taiwan walked down a similar path in history. Like the people of JejuIsland, those in Taiwan have had the experience of dealing with the cruel mass violence and a 'negative past'. Therefore, Taiwan is used as a point of reference, and through field research, the issues currently facing both parties will be further explored.The results of the analysis show that in the pursuit of transitional justice for the Jeju April 3rd Incident, a close and detailed examination of the true extent of state violence was conducted, yet the focus was solely on issues such as the level of damage to national identity, that is, whether the supposed purity of someone's ideological stance made them enough of a 'victim'. On the other hand, in the case of the February 28 Incident in Taiwan, compensation claims from the Japanese or Korean family members of victims have been recognized in recent years. In the past, determining whether someone was a victim had been an issue, but now there is a new turning point. The goal of international or cross-regional historical rectification has been realized in Taiwan, making it a model for Jeju and other East Asian societies to consider when overcoming antagonism and disputes over views of historic events. Headed by governmental organizations, Taiwanese society has endeavored to implement transitional justice through the pursuit of historical rectification and overcoming an 'unjust history' that is the legacy of state violence. The manner in which Taiwan has faced and dealt with the issue systematically can serve as an example."