文學與歷史：分析《行過洛津》中的消逝主題

Literature and History: An Analysis of Passages to Juo-Jin and The Theme of Effacement

本文以《行過洛津》為分析對象，使用史碧華克（Spivak）從屬者研究的觀點，探討文學與歷史書寫的關係。行過洛津一書以十九世紀上半清治時期台灣為背景，描寫泉州戲班來洛津（鹿港）與台南演出的情景。此書除了以戲曲及跨性別扮裝為主題，還呈現出歷史書寫過程中的排除機制。書中主要人物之一的清廷官員，把他認為低俗的民間戲曲刪改編寫，又想要編纂地方志，以此掩飾政務處理上的無能。史碧華克指出從屬者不只是沒分配到資源的弱勢者與少數族群，從屬者被主流歷史排除，他們的存在標示歷史的消逝點，構成了主導文化的邊界，定義了主導文化的範疇，同時又以其異質性威脅其存在。從屬者即使企圖發聲，在當時也無從被理解。雖然主流歷史書寫排除從屬者，研究者仍然可以用解構閱讀策略從檔案當中找出似有若無的痕跡，所謂的形跡結構。從屬者留下的形跡結構揭露了霸權運作的機制以及此機制將從屬者泯除的過程。本文應用這些觀點，詮釋行過洛津此書關於各種從屬者從歷史書寫中出現與消失的過程。

"This paper analyses the novel Passages to Luo-Jin （行過洛津）, using the perspectives developed by Spivak in her subaltern studies. Passages to Luo-Jin, a novel written by Shi Shu-qing （施叔青）, describes 19th century Taiwan with the major focus on theater performances and the interactions between the folk people and local magistrate. The magistrate despises folk theater for its vulgar and obscene characteristics. He attempts to 'clean up' the script and also attempts to write gazettes to conceal his administrative incompetence. One of the themes of this novel can be interpreted as the mechanism and processes of exclusion in historical writing. In her subaltern studies Spivak points out that simply by being members of minority does not constitute the subaltern. The subaltern stands as a limit, or a condition of possibilities, that defines the coherence of hegemonic culture and at the same time threatens it through the heterogeneity of the subaltern. Even when the subaltern people attempt to speak, they cannot be heard or understood. The hegemonic culture excludes the voice of the subaltern people, but the researcher, using a deconstructive strategy of reading archive material, can find out a trace structure left by the subaltern people, whose （non）presence marks a point of fadeout in history. The trace structure left by the subaltern discloses the power mechanism of hegemony and at the same time attests to their own effacement and exclusion from mainstream historiography. This paper uses these perspectives to analyze the ways in which a variety of subaltern characters in this novel are represented as a trace structure of disclosure and effacement."