十八世紀初葉的台灣平埔族歌謠——以黃叔璥〈番俗六考〉著錄為例

"Taiwan Pingpu Tribe Ballads of the Early Eighteenth Century-Taking Huang, Shu-Ching's 'Fan-su-liou-kao (Exploring to Six Aboriginal Customs)' as An Example"

近代台灣拓墾史，實為一部平埔族的血淚史。清初台灣史志文獻對於當日平埔族雖頗多記載，但完全是以「他者」的角度，來紀錄、詮釋平埔族的社會風貌，終究與平埔族的實際生活有所隔閡。歌謠不僅是文學的寶庫，更是透析庶民生活觀點、建構庶民生活史的重要材料；黃叔璥於雍正年間成書的《台海使槎錄》是原住民歌謠最早的文字記錄，該書於〈番俗六考〉中，著錄卅四首原住民歌謠，深具研究的價值。然而，這些歌謠從報導人口頭傳唱到黃叔璥著錄的過程極為複雜，其間經手者均具殖民者身分，在「采詩」以備「教化」的觀點，以及殖民官員行政隱諱的考量下，針對原始歌謠進行篩選、節錄、改作等「再創造」工程；因此，〈番俗六考〉所著錄的歌謠文本充滿「樂而不淫」、「哀而不傷」、「怨而不怒」、「溫柔敦厚」等傳統詩教觀，不僅對殖民者的剝削行為缺乏大膽直接的控訴，也無法直接透過歌謠文本去體察當日平埔族受殖者的悲苦心聲。本文試以殖民論述的觀點，對〈番俗六考〉所著錄的歌謠進行由口傳到著錄過程中，所有經手者的心理探析，並參酌清初台灣史書對原住民的相關記載，探討康雍之際台灣平埔族的生活轉變，不僅考辨、注釋卅四首歌謠的文本，同時亦希望透過歌謠的解析過程，達到以歌謠補充、評論官方歷史文獻闕失的目的。

"Taiwan's history of reclaiming wasteland in modern times was actually Pingpu tribes' history of blood and tears. Although there are many records of passed Pingpu tribes in the historical literature of Taiwan at the beginning of Cing Dynasty, they are completely from the angle of 'others' to record and interpret Pingpu tribes' social style and features, and eventually, there is a gap with Pingpu tribes' real life. Ballads are not only the treasury of literature, but the important materials to penetrate and analyze the common people's outlook of life, and construct the common people's history of life; 'Tai-hai-shih-cha-lu' completed by Huang, Shu-Ching during the period under the reign of Emperor Yongjheng has the earliest records of aboriginal ballads in written words, and in the book, the volume of 'Fan-su-liou-kao (Exploring to Six Aboriginal Customs)' collects thirty-four aboriginal ballads, which have rich research value. However, the process from the reporters'singing the ballads to being recorded by Huang, Shu-Ching was extremely complicated. Furthermore, all people that attended to the matter had the status as a colonizer; under the viewpoint of 'collecting the ballads' for 'civilizing the masses,' and the colonization officials' consideration of avoiding mentioning in administration, they aimed at the original ballads to do the 're-creating' engineering of screening, extracting, and re-writing; hence, the text of the ballads collected by 'Fan-su-liou-kao (Exploring to Six Aboriginal Customs)' is full of the traditional concepts of education through poetry such as 'happy but not too happy,' 'sad but not too say,' 'complaining but not angry,' and 'tender and gentle.' Not only that the bold and direct accusation against the colonizers' behaviors of exploitation is deficient, but that people can not experience and observe the passed Pingpu tribes' grievous heart and thoughts of being colonized through the ballads directly. The dissertation tried to discuss with the viewpoint of colonization to explore and analyze all people that attended to the matter psychologically in the process of the ballads' being taught orally to being recorded in 'Fan-su-liou-kao (Exploring to Six Aboriginal Customs),' referred to the relevant records of aboriginals in Taiwan history books at the beginning of Cing Dynasty, and probed into Taiwan Pingpu tribes' change on life during the period under the reign of Emperor Kangsi and Emperor Yongjheng. The research not just did textual criticism to, analyzed, and made explanatory notes for the text of thirty-four ballads, at the same time, it expected to achieve the goals of supplementing the ballads and commenting on official historical literature's defects via the analytic process of the ballads. "