當代台灣農業的動力：斗南、美濃和池上的市場交換、再分配與互惠

"The Dynamics of Agriculture: Market Exchange, Redistribution and Reciprocity in Rural Taiwan"

台灣農業還有動能與活力嗎？如果有，那是從何而來？如何運作？本文以雲林斗南、高雄美濃與台東池上為例，嘗試指出這三個農業個案的動力機制與來源，並進一步區辨各自的特徵，藉以建構出台灣農業活力的三種類型。本文認為農會、糧商與鄉公所在中介農民和市場方面扮演了關鍵的角色，三個個案的動力來源分別是農會本身、社會運動與地方社團，並依此命名為：農會驅動的斗南模式、社會運動驅動的美濃模式與地方社團驅動的池上模式。本文依序說明這三個案例對於農業現狀的診斷、解決方案中的資源分派機制、背後的價值關懷與驅動力量。本文發現這三個案例都靈活地結合了Karl Polanyi的三種資源分派機制：市場交換、再分配與互惠，從而找到脫離農業困境的出路。此外，資源分派機制體現需要基礎設施，而不同的價值關懷會促成不同的機制混搭。本文最後就「三種資源分派機制的關係與組合」、「鑲嵌關係中的社會組織」、「基礎設施」等課題與Polanyi 切磋。

"Is it possible to detect shifts in the development of Taiwanese agriculture over the past three decades when its role in the overall economy seems insignifi cant if not ignorable? This paper singles out three agricultural townships, Dou-nan, Mei-nong and Chi-shang, to demonstrate that vibrant and energetic agricultural development is unfolding thanks to mediating organizations that initiate innovative programs, namely, the farmers’ association in Dou-nan, a social movement in Mei-nong, and social groups in Chi-shang. Motivated by the ultimate concerns to which they are committed, these mediating organizations diagnose the status quo, initiate social innovations, and establish institutional mix by flexibly combining three mechanisms for allocating resources, that is, market exchange, redistribution and reciprocity, which is one of the secrets behind the crescendos of agricultural development in each case. This paper concludes with the contributions it may make to Karl Polanyi’s legacy by integrating institutional mix and the two-fold framework of the self-regulating market on the one hand and the economy as an instituted process on the other, and highlighting the importance of infrastructure and ultimate concerns in the institutional mix."