愛倫凱在中國：文化轉譯與性別化論述

Ellen Key in China: Cultural Translation and Gendered Discourses

本文嘗試突破過去研究瑞典教育家愛倫凱（1849－1926）的框架，一反以往高度集中於五四階段、文學創作與男性論述，企圖從較長時段、多元史料、與兩性著述的新視角出發，考察愛倫凱在民國時期被轉譯與回應的過程及其歷史意涵。在探究中國論者對愛倫凱思想的取捨、轉化、理／誤解、情境化與批判等言論之際，我也將對這些論者如何回應與評論愛倫凱學說，進行性別化的分析，以呈現民國女性主義的異質性。為此，我不跟隨之前學者只以男性中心的政治意識形態（如自由主義、馬克思主義等），做為女性主義的分類依據，而搭配以凸顯性別化意涵的「男性本位」與「女性本位」思維差異，來辨識與分殊不同作者的論述本質。本文將闡明，置身中外、新舊因素交織情境下的民國男女作者，透過與愛倫凱學說的對話，各自發展出以母權、女權、或人權為重的異質婦女解放與兩性論述。其中，愛倫凱的戀愛觀與母性論，不僅成為五四及其後中國男性本位女性主義的首要理論依據，也激發過去被學界忽略的女性本位女性主義思維。在這個對愛倫凱學說從高度讚揚與全盤接受，到質疑批評與拒絕採納的思想光譜中，見證了民國論者譯介外來思想的受容程度、反思性與創生力。

"Moving beyond earlier studies on the Swedish educator Ellen Key (1849-1926) in China, which concentrate on the May Fourth era, fictional works, and male discourses, this article seeks to examine the historical significance of translating Key in Republican China with such new approaches as longue durée, diversified sources, and two gender discourses. While probing into the Chinese authors' selection, adaptation, (mis) conception, contextualization, and criticism of Key's thoughts, I also conduct gender analysis of their reception and responses so as to highlight the variety of feminism in the Republican era. For the sake of better grasping gendered notions in the writings of Chinese authors, I categorize their works into ''male-oriented '' and ''female-oriented'' feminist discourses rather than following such (male-centered) conventional classification as liberal or socialist feminisms. This article shows authors developed a diversity of feminist and gender discourses, which highlighted maternal rights, female rights, and human rights respectively, by responding to Key's theory under the intersectional context of traditional and new factors at home and abroad. Among these discourses, Ellen Key's view of romantic love and motherhood not only became the primary theoretical basis for Chinese male-oriented feminism during and after the May Fourth era, but also inspired the female-oriented feminist thinking that was neglected in previous studies. As this article demonstrates, the various discourses that constituted the ideological spectrum of the reception of Key's ideas, ranging from fully embracing and disseminating them to harshly criticizing and rejecting them, demonstrates the acceptance, reflection, and creativity of Republican intellectuals in translating and introducing foreign theories. that Republican male and female authors developed a diversity of feminist and gender discourses, which highlighted maternal rights, female rights, and human rights respectively, by responding to Key's theory under the intersectional context of traditional and new factors at home and abroad. Among these discourses, Ellen Key's view of romantic love and motherhood not only became the primary theoretical basis for Chinese male-oriented feminism during and after the May Fourth era, but also inspired the female-oriented feminist thinking that was neglected in previous studies. As this article demonstrates, the various discourses that constituted the ideological spectrum of the reception of Key's ideas, ranging from fully embracing and disseminating them to harshly criticizing and rejecting them, demonstrates the acceptance, reflection, and creativity of Republican intellectuals in translating and introducing foreign theories."