一位地方官員的日常勸農──元人王結及其《善俗要義》

Wang-Jie and Shan Su Yao Yi - A Yuan Dynasty Local Governor and His Publication to Promote Daily Agricultural Activities

中國歷朝莫不以勸農為施政重點，由游牧民族所建立的元朝也不例外。忽必烈長期治理漢地，深知農業的重要，建立元朝之後更是頒布農業詔令、建立制度與規範，這些也多為往後元朝諸帝所遵循。推廣勸農過程中，地方官更負重要責任。除了促進經濟生產，地方官對勸農有怎樣的理念？而因為勸農，他們是否該具備農業知識？如果具備農業知識，那麼其來源為何？本文於是以元人王結（1275-1336）及其《善俗要義》為討論對象，試圖理解這些問題。本文指出，王結上任順德路總管之後撰寫《善俗要義》作為治理依據。「善俗」的最高宗旨在於實踐儒家的價值觀，「富而教之」則是步驟，《善俗要義》前後包含了「農事」與「教化」兩部分，即傳達出此意。《善俗要義》的寫作依據，實與元代勸農的大環境相關：條列式的寫作格式與內容基調，來自元代農業綱領性文件〈勸農立社事理〉條畫；農業知識則來自於大司農司所編的《農桑輯要》。而這兩個來源都是忽必烈時代的產物，為元代勸農政策重要依據。基本上，《善俗要義》可當作地方基層版的〈勸農立社事理〉、一種操作指導手冊，也可視為是一種勸農文，而其最終目的則在於實踐儒家的價值觀。

"Promoting agricultural activities has been the focus throughout history in Chinese ruling. There is no exception to Yuan Dynasty although it was established by nomads. Kublai, the founder of Yuan Dynasty, was aware the importance of agriculture his ruling of Han land. He issued agricultural ordinance, as well as set up systems and specifications, which were applied soon after the Yuan Dynasty was established. These rules were continued by the emperors following Kublai's ruling. Promoting agricultural activities was an important responsibility for local governors. But did they require any level of knowledge for carrying out this duty? What were the sources for them to obtain this knowledge? These questions were answered through this study of Wang-Jie(王結,1275-1336) and his Shan Su Yao Yi(《善俗要義》) Wang-Jie developed and published Shan Su Yao Yi, a simplified ruling and guiding document, to help respond to the ineffective promotion of agricultural activities by Yuan Dynasty after he was appointed as governor of Shun De Lu(順德路). This document was consisted of two parts: ''farming'' and ''enlightenment''. It served as a ''persuasion'' to the farming community. Although it did not supply enough agricultural knowledge, it was specific enough to include key techniques. For comparison purposes, the focus of this publication was similar to the persuasive publications developed during Southern Song Dynasty but differred from those developed in Jiangnan during Yuan Dynasty. As of the background and basics of the document developed, it was found to be related to Yuan Dynasty agricultural promotions. Shan Su Yao Yi was a simplified and combined document with knowledge derived from Cyuan Nong Li She Shih Li,(〈勸農立社事理〉), with the bullet point writing style and document preparation, and Nong Sang Ji Yao(《農桑輯要》), a description of agricultural knowledge developed by the Yuan Department of Agriculture. These two sources were important guides to help promote agricultural activities during Kublai's ruling."