客籍創業家價值觀與創業機會辨識模式之關聯性研究

Exploring the Relationship between Hakka Values and Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition Activities

"對於少數族裔創業家的支持輔導政策，常見的不外乎是給予資金補助，但若能支持創業者使之創業有成，受惠的將不只是少數族群，而是整個社會體系。除此之外，少數族裔的商業行為若繁榮可促進就業與地方商業發展。以人口數據來看，在台灣客家族群的人數，僅佔全台人口的13.5%，他們來自不同的群聚生活環境，有其文化特性。在過去傳統觀念中，客家人被認為是民族性保守的族群，且經濟發展相對較晚，而保守特性也不利於企業發展與創業，因此本研究目的在於透過實際調查以探究客家固有價值觀與創業行為間之相關性，希望能藉由對於客家創業者更深入分析。 首先回顧客家所列舉的價值觀，經篩選八項價值觀分別為：「誠信」、「和諧」、「節儉」、「勤勞」、「儲蓄」、「耐苦」、「重視教育」以及「積極」。續而研究者藉由范揚松博士於客家電視台所製播的「高峰客家力」節目中所訪談之三十位客籍創業家，將所訪談的內容經「內容分析法」編碼分析，後採無母數統計以檢測創業家價值觀與創業機會辨識模式之相互關聯性。 研究發現為（1）在客籍創業家中，有四項價值觀的特質最顯而易見，分別為︰積極、耐苦、重視教育與和諧（2）誠信、節儉、勤勞與儲蓄的價值觀較不會影響創業家對於機會辯識選擇的行為（3）某些價值觀會主導創業者選擇其認為較合意的機會辨識方式，如：具有和諧價值觀的創業家較不偏向採用透過正式計劃及評鑑過程去尋找機會、具耐苦價值觀的創業家較傾向於自主開發產品以及自我評鑑機會、重視教育的創業家較為喜好藉由尋找相關知識加以判斷機會之選擇、具有積極價值觀之創業家會使用透過正式的組織評鑑過程加以分析與評估機會的開展。另外檢測創業家價值觀構面的四大機會辨識模式，為（1）將創業機會辨識視為一種隨機的過程，無正式評鑑計劃的機會辨識模式（2）經由尋找相關知識以辨識機會的選擇模式（3）根據正式計劃與組織評鑑過程加以分析與評估機會的選擇模式（4）自主開發新產品以及自我評鑑機會的選擇模式。分析發現：雖價值觀普遍是支持創業行為的，但擁有較高比重之和諧與重視教育的價值觀，會阻礙客籍創業家選擇其他可能得到更佳組織績效的機會辨識模式。所以政府應提倡更多有效的機會審視與評估方法，透過商業市場分析，以幫助客籍青年辨識及環顧身旁週遭的創業機會。給予客籍創業家的建議是，不管是否具有過度和諧的價值觀，皆需反省思考，那些教育訓練與輔導是創業才是真正所需，以來達成創業成功之效。"

"Government policies regarding to ethnic minorities, assisting minority entrepreneurs is an alternative to common subsidization to the minority people or to the area. The entrepreneurs, if successful, will bring economic growth that is not only beneficial to the minority, but also good for the whole society. In addition, prosperous minority businesses may sustain themselves, alleviating government financial burden of subsidization. However, designing a fine assistance policy needs a deep understanding of the minority people. Hakka people accounts for 13.5% of total Taiwan population, have their distinct culture, and form several clusters of residence. Traditionally, Hakka people are considered as conservative, behind the economic development, and poor at entrepreneurship. This study aims at exploring the relationship between traditional Hakka values and entrepreneurial activities, hoping to help government design better policies through better understanding of Hakka people. In this study the researchers firstly reviewed Hakka literature and consulted Hakka academics to determine a set of traditional Hakka values. These values are integrity, harmony, frugality, diligence, savings-loving, hardships-bearing, education-emphasizing, and aggressiveness. Secondly, the researchers conducted content analysis on video records of interviews of thirty Hakka entrepreneurs, which video records were made by Dr. Yang-Sung Fan for the TV program named “The Summit Hakka Power” broadcasted by Hakka TV station since 2008, to understand their Hakka values. Lastly, the coded Hakka values of the thirty entrepreneurs were further analyzed with nonparametric tests to explore the relationships between entrepreneurs’ values and their methods of finding entrepreneurial opportunities. The key findings of this study are: first, the top four values to characterize Hakka entrepreneurs are: aggressiveness, hardships-bearing, education-emphasizing, and harmony. Next, the value of integrity, frugality, diligence, and savings-loving seem not to affect the entrepreneur’s opportunity seeking behavior. Last, some value seems to lead to some preferable opportunity seeking behavior: harmonious entrepreneurs seem to reject to use formal organizational process to appraise opportunities; hardship-bearing entrepreneurs prefer to prototype their ideas and test the market directly; education-emphasizing entrepreneurs like to seek opportunities from relative knowledge; aggressive entrepreneurs will develop a formal organizational process to scan and evaluate opportunities. The above conclusions were made by testing the entrepreneurs’ value scores against four modes of opportunity seeking behavior: 1) opportunity recognition is a random process without any plans, 2) searching opportunity from related knowledge and information, 3) appraising possible opportunities with formal organizational planning and evaluating systems, and 4) developing product or service concepts or making prototypes for inspecting market chances."