論具體行政行為的撤銷期間及其適用規則

On the Cancellation Period of Specific Administrative Acts and its Applicable Rules

我國對具體行政行為撤銷一直堅持''有錯必糾''的原則，但時間限度不確定的行政撤銷與具體行政行為的實質確定力規則相抵牾。因此，行政機關應當從''有錯必糾''走向''依法糾錯''，依照撤銷期間規則行使行政撤銷權。撤銷期間以法的安定性利益為制度基礎，同時具有保護相對人信賴利益的價值，並發揮著控制行政撤銷權和提升行政執法效率的功能。我國行政撤銷期間應當分別構設為期2年的通常期間和20年的最長期間，任一期間經過都會使行政撤銷權消滅，最終使相對人既得利益得以正當化。具體而言，通常期間自行政機關知道或應當知道撤銷事由之日起算，當撤銷相對人不存在值得保護的信賴利益時不予適用;最長期間自可撤銷行政行為作出之日起算，為了維護法的安定性利益而適用於所有情形。但是，行政機關自始未能發現可撤銷事由而在最長期間經過後，特殊情形下為了維護重大公共利益，應當允許行政機關采取必要的撤銷或廢止等干預措施。

"The revocation of administrative powers in China has always pursued the principle of ''errors must be corrected''. However, administrative revocation without time limit contradicts the substantive certainty rules of specific administrative actions, and it is easy to induce administrative legal risks in practice. Therefore, the administrative agency should move from ''errors must be corrected'' to ''correction in accordance with the law'', especially in accordance with the rules of the revocation period to exercise the power of administrative revocation. The revocation period is based on the stability of the law and has the value of protecting the trust interests of the counterparty. It also plays a role in controlling the power of administrative revocation and improving the efficiency of administrative law enforcement. The administrative revocation period in China should be constructed as a normal period of 2 years and a maximum period of 20 years. The passage of any period will eliminate the power of administrative revocation and ultimately justify the vested interests of the counterparty. Specifically, the normal period starts from the day when the administrative agency knows or should know the reason for the revocation, and does not apply when the revocation counterpart does not have a trustworthy interest worth protecting; the longest period starts from the day when the revocable administrative act is made, which shall be applied to all situations in order to maintain the stability benefits of law. However, after the longest period of time has elapsed after the administrative agency has not been able to discover the cause of revocation, under special circumstances, in order to maintain major public interests, the administrative agency should allow the administrative agency to take necessary intervention measures such as revocation or abolition."