論自然權利的不完備性

On the Incompleteness of Natural Rights

自然權利來自於自然法，同時也是對後者的悖離，這註定了它在理論上的不完備和實踐上的無能為力。自然權利的不完備性首先體現在來源上的含混甚至脆弱，它不再訴諸超驗的存在，而人的理性又終歸靠不住，最終只能訴諸普遍同意或契約。此外，自然權利不再與“存在”和“自然”相關，而僅僅是人這種特殊存在者的特權，其內容也萎縮成“自我保存”，喪失了更高的標準。自然權利不再是“正確”或“正義”的產物，而僅僅是“能力”的結果。這種能力的實質是控制和佔有，它以“自由”為前提，實際上是在為近代市民國家的建立以及後來的資本主義擴張奠定理論基礎。單純談自然權利，只能導致它的自我毀滅，人類命運共同體更多地要求它與“自然義務”相結合。

"Natural right comes from natural law, while the former is a revolt of the latter, which is bound to be innate deficiency in theory and disabled inefficiency in practice. The incompleteness of natural right lies first in its ambiguity even fragility of origins, which no longer resorts to transcendent being, whereas human reason is not reliable in the end, so it has no other roots than common consent or contact. Furthermore, natural right is no longer related to Being and Nature, but to human being only, as a consequence, its content shrinks to be self-preservation, and it eventually loses a higher measure. Natural right has no longer been a product of ''right'' or ''justice'', but merely a result of faculty or power. And the essence of this kind of faculty is but domination and occupation, which, as the premise of freedom, is in fact to lay a theoretical foundation for the establishment of modern state nations and their later capitalist expansions. A mere talking about natural right can only lead to its self-destruction, for human community with a shared future demands itself more on an incorporation with natural duty."