明代初期北邊衛所軍屯的，推動與成效──以洪武二十一年以前為限

The Promotion and Effect of Juntun of Wei－So System in the Northern Border Area within Early Ming Dynasty: before the 21st Year of Hongwu

明太祖(1328-1398，1368- 139在位)將蒙元勢力逐出塞北以後，必須屯駐重兵於北邊，以鞏固邊防。吳晗研究《明史‧食貨志》的記載後認為，洪武朝北邊軍糧之供給，以「軍隊屯田，自給自足」為主，北邊軍糧無虞。王毓銓研究《萬曆大明會典》等材料後以為，軍屯不足以完全自給自足，但仍解決了相當程度的軍食問題。惟《正德會典》有關洪武朝北邊軍屯的記載，似與《萬曆會典》陳述略有不同；且《明太祖實錄》中，亦有「北邊軍食，一出於民」的太祖自述。本文認為，洪武朝軍屯是一個逐漸發展的過程。其中，洪武七年(1374)以前，北邊軍屯初辦，成效不彰；因此，七年以後，明廷開始推動「董兵屯田」，並逐步奠定了軍屯的基礎；但受到明蒙戰爭情勢的干擾，迄洪武二十一年(1388)以前，軍屯成效有限。北邊軍屯推動有成的時間，落在洪武二十二年(1389)以後。由此可知，洪武二十一年以前，北邊軍屯之餘，仍存在軍糧不敷的問題。依照洪武朝官制規定，戶部必須填補北邊軍糧的缺口。本文認為，洪武朝戶部支應北邊軍糧缺口的運作，經歷了一個曲折的過程。洪武三年(1370)以前，北邊軍糧由「南糧北輸」予以解決；洪武三年以後，「南糧」改而優先供給「國都消費」；戶部乃另謀他法，以供給北邊軍糧缺口。洪武三至七年間，戶部先後採取「鹽課支邊」、「白銀支邊」與「北糧支邊」等方法，以填補北邊軍糧缺口，但上述方法皆具侷限性。直到洪武九年，明廷建立「糧鈔中半」制，以給付北邊軍士月糧後，北邊軍糧供給問題才漸趨穩固。洪武十七年以後，明廷又建立「北邊軍儲」的制度，俾鞏固北邊軍糧。而明蒙戰爭結束後，北邊軍糧逐漸轉由軍屯自給自足，明廷也裁減「戶部支邊」的運作。其中，「北糧輸邊」的數額逐步縮減，而「寶鈔支付北邊軍糧」的政策，則停止運作。

"After the Mongolian Yuan forces were expelled from the border area of the northern Saibai (塞北), many soldiers governed by Ming Taizu (明太祖，1328-1399) had to be stationed to the north in order to consolidate the border. According to the data of“Ming Shi, Shi Huo Zhi (明史‧食貨志)”, Wu han (吳晗) pointed out that, the food supply of the army of Ming Taizu to the north mainly adopts the way of“Juntun Zi Shi (軍屯自食)”, and there is no problem of the lack of military food in the northern border area. Another researcher, Wang yu-quan (王毓銓), argues that the northern army Tuntian (屯田), while not fully addressing the lack of food supplies to the military, has solved a significant part of the problem. Wang mainly uses the materials of the“Wan Li Hui Dian (萬曆會典)”to make the above comments. However, according to the records of the“Zheng De Hui Dian (正德會典)”, this paper finds that the contents of the Tuntian of the army in the period of Ming Taizu are somewhat different from those of the“Wan Li Hui Dian”, and that the Ming Taizu himself has mentioned the situation of“Northern army food, all out of the people”in the“Ming Taizu Shi Lu (明太祖實錄)”. Therefore, the author thinks that there seems to be a need for further research on the effectiveness of military tuntian in the period of Ming Taizu. Through the study of“Ming Taizu Shi Lu”and“Zheng De Hui Dian”, this article concludes that: the Army Tuntian in the period of Ming Taizu has undergone a process of gradual development. Among them, the first seven years of Ming Taizu (1368-1374), the northern border area just began to set up the Army Tuntian the effect is not good; therefore, from the eighth year (1375), began to promote the“Dong Bing Tuntian (董兵屯田)”, only gradually complete the basis of JunTun, but because the Ming and Mongolian war had being continued, so in the first 21 years of Ming Taizu, The northern Army Tuntian has had limited success. As for the academic general recognition that the northern border Army Tuntian to promote a very productive time, should be the 22nd year of Hongwu (1389) after the matter."