論海外駐軍活動中的國家行為豁免例外

Exceptions to Jurisdictional Immunities of States of Foreign Military Presence

海外駐軍活動涉及在外國法院尤其是東道國法院的國家豁免問題，由于軍隊擁有較強的主權性質，其行為一般都能夠被劃歸為主權行為，從而享有在外國法院的國家豁免。通過對國家豁免理論及國家實踐的考察，可以發現有限豁免理論之下國家行為豁免的雇傭合同行為例外及非商業侵權例外，對海外駐軍來說都不適用。而商業交易行為例外則難下定論，美國為代表的西方世界認為軍隊的商業交易行為不享有國家豁免，但《聯合國國家及其財產管轄豁免公約》給予了軍隊商業交易行為享有國家豁免的可能。

"The activities of foreign military presences involve the issue of jurisdictional immunities of states in foreign courts,especially in courts of host countries.Due to the strong sovereign nature of the military,its actions can generally be classified as sovereign actions,thereby enjoying the jurisdictional immunities of states in foreign courts.Through an examination of the state immunity theory and state practice,it can be found that the contracts of employment exception and the non-commercial torts exception of the jurisdictional immunities of states under the restrictive immunity theory are not applicable to foreign military presences. However, commercial transactions exception is difficult to conclude.The Western countries,represented by the United States,believe that military commercial transactions do not enjoy state immunity,but the United Nations Convention on Jurisdiction Immunity of States and Their Property gives military commercial transactions the possibility of jurisdictional immunities of states."