西北軍之軍事訓練與成效（1911－1938）――以手槍隊（大刀隊）作戰為例

Northwest Army Military Training and Fighting (1911-1938) --Handgun Troop (Da Dao Troop)

民國的軍閥和其部隊，是研究中國近現代史不能忽略的重要課題。尤其在政治與軍事上，軍閥政治與戰爭的影響從民初一直到國共內戰都不曾消失。這些大大小小的軍閥中，西北軍在馮玉祥的上司陸建章死後，長期沒有自己的根據地和大兵工廠，甚至連中央政府的軍餉都時有時無；北洋政府或國民政府也都一直未把西北軍視作嫡系。在這樣缺餉、缺彈藥的情況下，西北軍卻能夠在北伐、中原大戰、長城戰役以及全面抗戰中發揮相當的戰鬥力，對抗其他軍閥、國民政府和日軍。在此過程中，大刀作戰尤為其特點，在許多戰役中發揮功效。本文從西北軍的軍事訓練著眼，分析其內容以及帶來的成效，並特別關注大刀的使用，藉此了解西北軍在財政困難的情況下，如何保持相當的戰鬥力，並將之展現在戰場之上。

The warlords and their troops in the Republic of China are a very important subject that cannot be ignored in the study of modern Chinese history. Especially in political and military affairs, the influence of warlord politics and war did not disappear from the beginning of the Republic of China to the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Among these warlords with varying degrees of power, was the Northwest Army, under the leadership of warlords such as Feng Yuxiang and Song Zheyuan, it played a role in the Northern Expedition, the Central Plains War, the Defense of the Great Wall, and the all-out Anti-Japanese War. From the Northern Expedition to the full-scale resistance, the Northwest Army has maintained considerable combat effectiveness against other warlords, the National Government and the Japanese army. However, after the death of Feng Yuxiang's boss, Lu Jianzhang, the Northwest Army did not have its own base area and large arsenal for a long time, and even the government's military pay was sometimes absent. Later, the Beiyang government and the Nationalist government also never regarded the Northwest Army as their own. In such a situation of lack of pay for soldiers and ammunition, why can the Northwest Army still maintain considerable combat effectiveness, so that all forces are willing to win over the Northwest Army and make use of the Northwest Army? This article hopes to focus on the military training of the Northwest Army, analyze the military training of the Northwest Army and the effects of this training, so as to understand how the Northwest Army can maintain a considerable combat effectiveness and show it on the battlefield even under financial difficulties.