從變更訴訟請求的釋明到法律觀點的釋明──新《民事證據規定》第53條的法解釋學分析

From Claims Changing Elucidation to Legal Viewpoints Elucidation: Analysis of Article 53 of New Rules of Evidence in Civil Proceedings

當事人所主張的法律關係性質或者民事行為效力與法院的認定不一致時，原《民事證據規定》第35條注重糾紛的一次性解決，規定“人民法院應當告知當事人可以變更訴訟請求”。新《民事證據規定》第53條更為關注對當事人的程序保障，防止突襲性裁判，要求“人民法院應當將法律關係性質或者民事行為效力作為焦點問題進行審理”。實務考察發現，新《民事證據規定》第53條的適用呈現出不同形態：一種表現為消極防止突襲性裁判，另一種則在程序保障的同時積極謀求糾紛的一次性解決。從防止突襲性裁判的核心目的出發，應將新《民事證據規定》第53條定位於法院的法律觀點釋明義務。具體適用中，應在防止突襲性裁判的同時，兼及糾紛的一次性解決。

On the condition that the nature of the legal relation or the validity of the civil acts claimed by the parties are inconsistent with the court's findings, Article 35 of the original Provisions on Evidence in Civil Procedures focuses on the one-off dispute settlement, stipulating that ''the People's court shall inform the parties concerned that the allegations litigation may be changed'', Article 53 of new Provisions on Evidence in Civil Procedures pays more attention to procedural safeguards for parties to prevent unexpected judgments, and requires that ''the people' s court shall try the nature of the legal relationship or the effectiveness of the civil act as the issue''. Practical investigation finds that the application of Article 53 of the new Provisions on Evidence in Civil Procedures presents different forms: one manifests as passive prevention of unexpected judgments, and the other actively seeks one - off disputes settlement while guaranteeing procedures safeguards. Proceeding from the core purpose of preventing unexpected judgments, Article 53 of the new Provisions on Evidence in Civil Procedures should be positioned as the court' s obligation of legal viewpoints elucidation. In specific application, unexpected judgments prevention and one -off disputes settlement should be both considered.