大數據時代的裁判思維

Adjudicative Thinking in the Era of Big Data

大數據時代不僅給司法裁判帶來了技術和制度－教義方面的挑戰，更重要的是會在裁判思維的層面帶來潛在的危險。司法裁判在本質上是一種以追求正確性為目標的規範性論證說理活動，它秉持的是理由思維、正確性思維和規範性思維。大數據技術的核心在於基於司法行為的歷史數據、通過計算（算法）來預測未來的裁判，它可能帶來三方面的危險：一是數字解決主義，即以數據計算取代論證說理；二是司法實證主義，即以統一裁判取代正確裁判；三是法律實用主義，即以結果預測取代規則實踐。但只要人（法官）的道德主體地位與自主性仍然是司法裁判的價值根基，上述危險就不構成根本挑戰。但它的確帶來了一個反向挑戰，那就是在“算法社會”到來之際，如何讓人（法官）更像人、而非像機器那樣去思考。

Not only the technical and institutional - dogmatical aspects of judicial decisions are challenged in era of big data, but also, and what more important, there arises a latent risk embodied in the level of adjudicative thinking. Judicial decision is an activity of normative argumentation and reasoning pursuing correctness in nature, which presents a thought pattern of reason, correctness and normativity. The core of big data technology lies in the historical data based on judicial action, and predication of the future adjudication through calculation (algorithm), which will probably bring about dangers in three aspects: (1) digital solutionism, i. e. , substitution of data calculation for argumentation and reasoning, (2) judicial positivism, i. e. , substitution of an unified adjudication for a correct decision, (3) legal pragmatism, i. e. , substitution of result predication for rule practice. However, as long as the moral subject status and autonomy of persons (judges) are still the value foundation of judicial decisions, the above dangers do not constitute a fundamental challenge yet. But they do bring a reverse challenge, that is, along with the coming ''Algorithm Society'', how to make persons (judges) think more like a human rather than like a machine.