北宋重陽詩事典研究

Study of Allusions on the Chung Yang Poetry in the Northern Sung Dynasty

本文擬就現蒐錄的512首北宋重陽詩，探討北宋重陽詩歌引用「孟嘉脫帽」、「淵明白衣送酒」、「劉裕戲馬臺」、「藥市」、「齊景公牛山淚」、「桓景故事」等歷史事典的情形。孟嘉從容處理落帽事，顯現文人瀟灑儒雅、文辭卓越，然「落帽」事典也蘊含詩人求用的狼狽難堪，北宋詩人既羨孟嘉從容大度的重陽盛事，又感嘆宦海浮沉的淒涼狼狽，但文人喜藉孟嘉典故表現自我的風骨。而引「白衣送酒」典故，或承襲淵明閑吟深思的情趣，或深化政治上的失落，或表達寂寥的心境，有濃重的情感表現。而「戲馬臺」本身背負著「項羽戲馬臺」和「宋公戲馬臺」的雙重歷史含義，詩人藉此書寫世事無常的慨歎，北宋重陽詩中將「龍山會」和「戲馬臺」兩個典故並列使用的情況也頗為常見，主要是因為這兩者同樣能夠體現出感懷古今的興亡之歎，且一是風雅的文壇逸事，一為豐功偉業的表徵，反映出文人在名利功業上的多重心理。藥市事典是宋時新生的事典，詩人藉實體的藥市、虛無的遇仙傳說，凸顯重陽消災的民俗意涵，並藉此事典深化重陽節慶氛圍。因唐杜牧將齊景公牛山淚滴與重陽節緊密結合，所以北宋重陽詩偶有提及，「牛山淚」之典的中心在於「悲」，但北宋詩人在登高時交織著抑鬱和欣喜兩種情緒，在人生無常的淒惻感觸中故作曠達。桓景故事是流傳最廣的重陽節故事，但在北宋重陽詩中少有引用。從北宋重陽詩事典的運用次數，可知北宋文人首重風流蘊藉、狼狽難堪情感糾結的「孟嘉落帽」事典，以展現了文人複雜的心理，而對於虛無的重陽登高避厄傳說已少觸及，取而代之的是抒懷言志等更具人文意涵的情感表現。

This study attempts to complile the 512 poems of Chongyang Festival of the Northern Song Dynasty and investigates the poems of Chongyang Festival of the Northern Song Dynasty, such as“Mengjia Uncaps”,“Yuanming Delivered Wine in White Clothing”,“Liuyu Xima Terra”,“Medicine City”,“Qi Jinggong Tears in Niushan”,“Huan Jing Story”and other historical anecdotes. Mengchia calmly dealt with falling hat, showing literati chic elegance and excellent dictions, but the“hat”incident also reveals the literati's desperation in begging for public offices. Poets in the Northern Song Dynasty on one hand envied Mengjia magnanimous grandness, and on the other hand sighed the vicissitudes of official life. However, literati enjoyed citing Mengjia's allusions to show their own strength of character. The introduction of“Delivered Wine in White Clothing”allusion, or inherited Yuanming leisurely pondering the fun, or deepen the political loss, or the expression of solitude of the mood, a strong emotional performance.“Liuyu Xima Terra”itself carries the double historical meaning of“XiangYu Xima Terra”and“Song Gong Xima Terra”. The poet often used this poem to express the uncertainties in the Northern Song Dynasty.“Longsan Gathering”and“Xima Terra”were commonly cited to reflect the feelings of the rise and fall of the dynasties then and before. Furthermore, the first allusion is an elegant piece and the latter is about great accomplishments, reflecting the literati’multifarious mentality of fame and fortune. The book of medicine was a new allusion in the Song Dynasty. The poet used the entity of the drug market and the nothingness of fairy legend to highlight the Chongyang Festival folklore meaning in removing ill fortune, and to deepen the celebration of this festival atmosphere. The poet Dumu in Tang Dynasty has combined“Qi Jinggong Tears in Niushan”with the festival. Therefore, some poets in the Northern Song Dynasty have cited the poem. Nevertheless, the festival in the Northern Song Dynasty had the intertwined features of sadness and joy, a way of expressing broad-minded attitude in a miserable life. The poem of Niu Shan Tears has the“sadness”nature of the festival. Thus some poets of the Northern Song Dynasty have referred the theme sadness in the poem of Niu Shan Tears as one facet of the festival. Huan Jing story is the most widely circulated Chongyang Festival story, but rarely cited in the Northern Song Dynasty Chongyang poem. From the popular citing of Chongyang Festival Poems in the Northern Song Dynasty, we can understand that the Northern Song Dynasty literati loved the allusion of“Mengjia Uncaps”in expressing their complex motions of magnanimous grandness as well as tormented affections. The original meaning of avoiding ill fortune of hiking high in the Chongyang Festival had dissipated in the poems of the Northern Song Dynasty, replaced by expressing emotions and ambitions.