2020年東京奧運會的「奧林匹克遺產」──基於在日本發表相關文獻的再思考

The ''Olympic Legacy'' of the Tokyo 2020 Games: A Reconsideration Based on Relevant Literature Published in Japan

早在因新冠肺炎大流行而延後奧運會的討論開始之前，甚至在當年東京爭取舉辦2016年奧運會之際，東京2020年奧運會的意義就已經受到質疑。國際奧委會（IOC）從2003年版本規章開始增加遺產章節，將其定義為「將奧林匹克運動會的積極遺產推廣到主辦城市、地區和主辦國」為國際奧委會的使命和角色之一。基於對這個問題的認識，作者透過東京的申辦計劃與討論構思以及得標過程等，再度關注東京2020年奧運會的遺產，透過研究日本的研究和相關材料，重新思考日本東京2020年奧運會「奧林匹克遺產」的含義，並闡明這一概念的現實層面。本文以研究相關文獻和材料作為研究方法並設置下列研究主題：首先，為了闡明對東京入選2020年奧運會後的「奧林匹克遺產」之看法，作者審查了東京成為2020年奧運會的正式候選城市時，國際奧委會所倡導構思的「奧林匹克遺產」理念。其次，為了搜索和組織有關2020年東京奧運會的「奧林匹克遺產」的辯論和看法，作者（一）審查日本出版的學術著作中關於「奧林匹克遺產」的描述，以及（二）分析先前於2013年及之後在日本出版的相關重要研究，該年東京被選為2020年奧運會的東道主。研究結論如下：首先，東京2020年奧運會的「奧林匹克遺產」的特徵是基於東京從企圖申辦2016年奧運會開始的不斷努力，而2020年東京奧運會的「奧林匹克遺產」計劃正是延續此不斷努力的精神。其次，2020年東京奧運會的「奧林匹克遺產」缺乏奧林匹克理念和願景一事，從還在招標階段就已眾所周知。國際奧委會所倡導的遺產是根據奧運會的願景來規劃，必須強調的是，東京2020年奧運會的「奧林匹克遺產」存在某些問題，包括尚未充分討論主辦奧運會的重要性，而且當東京向國際奧委會提交申請資格文件時，尚未充分規劃願景。第三，國際奧委會提出的遺產概念在日本得到了積極和認可的接受，與此同時，「奧林匹克遺產」被認為是基於這些議題利益能在各領域來解決問題的起點。

The significance of the Tokyo 2020 Games had already been questioned before the discussions on its postponement started due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Such doubts had even existed when Tokyo was campaigning to host the previous 2016 Games. The IOC added a section on legacy to the Olympic Charter starting with the 2003 version. It defines ''to promote a positive legacy from the Olympic Games to the host cities, regions and host countries'' as one of the IOC's missions and roles. Based on the author's awareness of the subject after reviewing Tokyo's bidding to host the Games, the paper aims to reconsider the meaning of the legacy conceived and planned by the Tokyo 2020 Games and clarify the actual practice on its concept. The paper set the following research topics and examined relevant literature and materials in Japan as the research method. First, to clarify what ''Olympic Legacy'' stood for after Tokyo was selected to host the 2020 Games, the author examined the meaning of the ''Olympic Legacy'' advocated by the IOC when Tokyo became an official candidate city for the 2020 Games. Second, to search and organize debates and opinions about the ''Olympic Legacy'' of the Tokyo 2020 Games, the author 1) reviewed the descriptions of the ''Olympic Legacy'' in major academic books published in Japan, and 2) analyzed important studies published in Japan in and after 2013, when Tokyo was selected to host the 2020 Games. The findings suggest that first, the ''Olympic Legacy'' of the Tokyo 2020 Games was characterized by Tokyo's continuous efforts and ambition to host the Olympics starting from its bidding for the 2016 Games, and the ''Olympic Legacy'' Plan for the Tokyo 2020 Games was based on this spirit; second, the lack of Olympism and vision in the ''Olympic Legacy'' of the Tokyo 2020 Games had already been noted from the bidding stage. Given that the legacy promoted by the IOC is to be formulated based on a vision of the Games, the ''Olympic Legacy'' of the Tokyo 2020 Games did appear debatable as the significance of hosting the Games had not been sufficiently discussed, and the vision had neither been adequately drawn up before Tokyo submitted the Candidature File to the IOC. Third, the concept of legacy proposed by the IOC was accepted positively and approvingly in Japan, and at the same time, the ''Olympic Legacy'' has been regarded as a starting point for resolving and diminishing debates and problems caused in different fields based on relevant interest.