文物藝術品的走私與偷盜---以1949到2000之間台灣與中國地區為探討範圍

Art Smuggling and Theft in Taiwan and China (1949-1999)

從1950年代開始，像是台灣與中國都面臨到貧窮、教育水平較低與政治上的亂象，使得這些國家都遭遇到文物藝術品的流失。雖然狀況在1980年代以後逐步改善，文物藝術品的走私、偷盜仍然時常發生，不僅僅是因為文物藝術品保護意識的缺乏，更因為是愈來愈高的市場利潤。基於歷史與社會的發展，筆者試圖探索這些現象，嘗試找出造成當時文物藝術品走私與偷盜的原因。當文物藝術品的走私與偷盜愈來愈盛行，許多收藏家與博物館也開始意識到避免去買到所有權與來源不明的文物藝術品，因此，筆者也針對那些因為非法購買文物藝術品所引起的爭議進行討論除此之外，筆者也指出緊跟在文物走私與偷盜被嚴格阻絕之後所發生膺品氾濫的問題。因為在1980年代以後，台灣與中國政府所採取的文物藝術資產的保護措施，無疑地，這些舉動使得文物藝術品走私愈來愈困難，也使得文物藝術品在中國藝術市場的價格愈來愈高，同時，為了應付收藏家愈來愈升高的收藏需求，愈來愈多的膺品便被導入市場之中，不僅僅在藝術市場上，也在博物館界引起了許多爭議。筆者誠摯地希望本論文的探討能夠提供有用的資料給有興趣於此一相關議題的研究者，進行更深入的研究。

Since the 1950s countries such as Taiwan and China which have suffered from poverty, lower-levels of education and political chaos have also been subjected to loss of movable cultural heritage. Although the situation was improved step by step in both countries after 1980, art smuggling and theft is still quite common, not only because of ignorance of cultural conservation but also for the high profits to be made in the art market. Based on historical and social development, the researcher tries to explore these phenomena and to find out the reasons why art smuggling and theft was so frequent then and now. As art smuggling and theft become more and more profitable, many collectors and museums curators begin to be aware of the situation and try to avoid purchasing cultural objects without title and provenance on ethical grounds. Many researchers therefore discuss those controversies aroused by the illegal purchase of cultural objects. In addition, this researcher would also like to point out the problems presented by fakes in the art and antiquities market. As the governments of both Taiwan and mainland China have continually enhanced their ability to protect their cultural property after the 1980s, this situation no doubt increasingly makes the prices of cultural objects much higher in the Chinese art market. At the same time, to meet increasing demand from collectors, more fakes have been pouring into the Chinese art market and have caused many controversies not only in the art market but also in the museum field. Hopefully, discussion of this topic can provide some useful resources for other researchers who are also interested in advanced study in related subjects.