城市空間與毒品犯罪：日本佔領時期北平地區朝鮮人的販毒活動

Urban Space and Illegal Narcotics: Korean Drug Dealers in Wartime Beijing

抗戰爆發前及日本佔領時期，北平市警察局屢次查獲朝鮮人製造及販賣化學合成毒品的案件，警方也曾經在全市範圍內清查朝鮮人開設的製毒販毒場所，即「白麵房子」依據警察調查紀錄中有關毒犯姓名、住址、吸毒人員數目等資訊，並藉助GIS（地理資訊系統）程式，可以發現製毒空間與生活空間高度重合，且製售毒品的場所散布於各個城區與郊區。對於毒販而言，利用居住空間開設「白麵房子」，並且散點分布於全市各區，有利於安置各種加工生產設施與儲存原料等，並接近毒品消費者，從而提高販毒活動的隱蔽性與警察辦案的難度。但是，對於中國居民而言，滲入居住空間的販毒活動，加上朝鮮人與日本領事館的特殊關係，使朝鮮人與中國社區間的關係更加緊張。「白麵房子」的存在，將民族主義危機之下的政治威脅與司法損害帶入社區空間與日常生活，使民族主義危機演變成一種身體與感官的體驗，促進了危機身體化與日常化。

From the 1920s to the end of the Japanese occupation in 1945, Chinese law enforcement in Beijing regularly arrested Korean expatriates for producing and selling semi-synthetic drugs, especially heroin (or “white powder,” as it was called by local Chinese residents). Police investigations show that Korean drug dealers profited from the rapidly growing demand for semi-synthetic drugs from the city’s lower-class residents; while reaping profits from addiction, Koreans also made inroads into other types of urban criminality, ranging from fencing and gambling to human trafficking. As this article traces Koreans’ criminal enterprises in wartime Beijing through archival materials, it also utilizes geographic information systems technology (GIS) to map their criminal footprint. The GIS mapping enables a more systematic approach to the social and criminal history that highlights the relationship between drug dealing and other forms of urban activities (such as prostitution, food services, popular entertainment, and poverty). The article demonstrates that, unlike many urban entertainment facilities that were concentrated and shared street space and customers, drug dens were scattered throughout residential neighborhoods. Such spatial distribution made the drug trade less detectable by law enforcement but incited greater fear among Chinese residents as they witnessed suspicious individuals attracted by the drug dens in their neighborhood. Exacerbating Chinese residents’ fears, Korean drug dealers sojourning in wartime Beijing were subjects of the Japanese colonial empire and thus protected by the Japanese consulate, which insulated them from the Chinese legal system. By studying how Koreans built and operated in the urban criminal underworld, this article examines the ways Chinese authorities, in the face of Japanese aggression and occupation, dealt with colonial Korea in daily administration. Moreover, this article argues that drug dealing by Koreans helped to translate a political crisis of damaged judicial sovereignty into a bodily experience and nurture a form of biological nationalism among Beijing’s Chinese residents.