「告密者」的「戰爭之框」：施明正、李喬、鄭清文、葉石濤筆下「告密者」的框架認知與滑動

“Frames of War” of “Informants”: Informants’ Cognition of the Frames in Shih Ming-Cheng, Lee Chiao, Tzeng Ching-Wen and Yeh Shih-Tao’s Works

本文以「戰爭之框」（Frames of War）為詮釋框架，探討施明正、李喬、鄭清文、葉石濤筆下的「告密者」。「戰爭之框」型塑一套敵／我認知，藉此建構出「可堪哀悼」與「無法哀悼」、「受到珍視」與「無權獲得承認」、「值得活」與「不值得活」的生命、忠黨愛國與「共匪分子」二分的框架。本文探討施明正、李喬、鄭清文、葉石濤四位作家筆下的「告密者」的複雜性，論述分為幾點：首先，告密者服膺「戰爭之框」的意識型態，而成為忠黨愛國、盡忠職守之人。其次，白色恐怖時期為匪諜就在你身邊、人人可能都是「告密者」的扭曲社會。因此，會出現我群／他者、告密者／被密告者的界線非絕對二分的情境。在此情況下，對國家來說值得保護的對象可能成為不值得保護的對象，戰前值得哀悼之人在戰後的政權轉移而成為不值得哀悼之人，也就是「戰爭之框」非穩固不變。在「戰爭之框」的鬆動與轉移過程，「告密者」會產生自我扭曲、自我否認而溢出框內／框外邊界的狀態。可見，「戰爭之框」亦會滑動而「框不住」告密者的複雜性，因為原本統治者的爪牙、依附者、告密者亦可能滑動到被告密者的位置上，使得區分敵／我的戰爭之框是游離的。最後，本文提出獎金制度不單純是金錢上的利益，更有一套價值體制支撐獎金的「道德合法性」。獎金不僅是物質，更是象徵地位的獲得（如獲得校長的職位），更是愛國心的表揚（符合「正義之框」的道德正義），所以在「戰爭之框」下，檢舉匪諜、異議分子、不法者所獲得的獎金，獲得了協助國家、撻伐罪惡、忠黨愛國的「正義」表現，不但是金錢上的物質條件，更是戰爭之框所建構的象徵意義之「道德合法性」。

This article use “Frames of War” to discuss works by Shih Ming-Cheng, Lee Chiao, Tzeng Ching-Wen and Yeh Shih-Tao. “Frames of War” will distinguish people that are worthy and not worthy of mourning. However, “Frames of War” are not stable. Sometimes, the informants under “Frames of War” become self-distortion and self-denial, which confuse the boundary of the frame. The frame of distinguishing the enemy group/ my group is unstable within the regime. The classification of justice/ injustice in the “Frames of War” that the ruler attempted to establish did not exist. Finally, this article wants to propose that the system not simply provides monetary benefit, but also moral legitimacy. The bonus is not only material, but also the acquisition of symbolic status (such as the position of the principal), but also the praise of patriotism (the party of moral justice).