臺灣閩南語俗音的類型

Different Types of Vernaculars in Taiwanese (Southern Min)

本文收集教育部《臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典》中所收的「俗讀音」，討論各俗讀音產生的原因，並將之分為以下幾類：字形類化、語言接觸（主要為華語）、音韻和歷史因素（包括有標音位丟失、變調問題、兩反切、陰陽調差異）。字形類化為俗音產生最常見的類型；對臺灣閩南語來說，語言接觸（尤其是強勢的華語）則在近代產生了很大的影響；臺灣閩南語的語言發展歷史久遠，內部音韻自然也會有較多複雜的變化，而產生與音韻規則不盡然相符的音讀。透過這些整理，本文以「水系模式」（洪惟仁，2019）討論俗音在一般使用及教育中的定位，提出「正音」並非永遠的標準，而官方訂定的標準音也僅是一個時代的切片，但對於語言教育，尤其是弱勢語言來說，卻也是必要的存在。而當代常見的訛音，同時也是未來可能定型的俗音，本文在最後列出這些音讀，供臺語正音教育作為教學重點的參考。

This study examines the vernaculars of words collected in the ''Dictionary of FrequentlyUsed Taiwan Minnan'' (Taiwan Ministry of Education, 2019) and investigates how vernaculars are formed in Taiwanese (Southern Min). The data suggest that vernaculars mainly occur in three ways: (i) The most common type of vernacular has the pronunciation of a similar-looking character. (ii) Nevertheless, one major source of vernaculars has been language contact in recent years, especially with the influence of Mandarin Chinese, the predominant language in the region. (iii) Last but not least, phonological and other historical factors ---- loss of marked sounds, tone sandhi, homographs & heteronym, and Yin/Yang tone switch ---- also play a key role in the emergence of vernaculars over the long history of Taiwanese (Southern Min). In this paper, I discuss the relationship between vernaculars and prescriptive pronunciations, drawing on insights from the River System Model (Ang 2019). Pronunciation changes with time, and prescriptive pronunciation is no exception, but rather a snapshot of the time when the dictionary was published. However, government-endorsed, standardized pronunciation is necessary for language teaching at school, and this is particularly true for minority languages. In addition, pronunciation errors that commonly occur may one day become part of the vernacular. I provide a list of such erroneous pronunciations for purposes of Taiwanese (Southern Min) teaching and pronunciation instruction.