蒙古建國後外交政策的困境與動力

The Dilemma and Dynamics of Mongolia's Foreign Policy after the Founding of the State

蒙古共和國在156萬平方公里的土地上僅有約320萬人，是全球前幾名人口最稀少的國家。這個內陸國家其地理位置上只有俄羅斯以及中國兩個鄰居，而蒙古近300年的歷史在此兩個鄰居的影響下，或奉清國為宗主國，或作為蘇聯的衛星國。在這樣的人口稀少，經濟大幅依賴中國、俄羅斯，以及夾在中俄之間的地緣政治結構下，似乎注定了蒙古外交政策的困境永遠多於動力。本論文探討蒙古建國後的外交政策。1921年建國的蒙古在建國後至蘇聯瓦解前，以蘇聯衛星國的角色於中蘇間尋求平衡，在蘇聯瓦解後順勢搭上民主浪朝，發展出自己的『國家安全構想』與『外交政策構想』。筆者並未著墨於蒙古國執行『國家安全構想』與『外交政策構想』後所得到的效益為何？也沒有逐一介紹蒙古與各國的關係如何演進？蒙古參加了多少多邊組織？介入了多少國際活動？蓋因這些描述性的內容僅是官方單方面陳述的過程與成果，只能反映蒙古國在國際舞台上逐漸活躍，但不能證明其國家更安全、外交更獨立。『國家安全構想』與『外交政策構想』的精髓及演進才是本論文聚焦所在。

The Republic of Mongolia has only about 3.2 million people on an area of 1.56 million square kilometers, making it one of the world's most sparsely populated countries. This landlocked country has only two neighbors, Russia and China, and Mongolia's nearly 300-year history is under the influence of these two neighbors, either with the Qing state as the mother country or as a satellite state of the Soviet Union. With such a sparse population, heavy economic dependence on China, Russia, and a geopolitical structure sandwiched between China and Russia, it seems that Mongolia's foreign policy will always be more dilemma than dynamic. This article discusses Mongolia's foreign policy after the founding of the state. Mongolia, which was founded in 1921, used to be a Soviet Union satellite state to seek a balance between China and the Soviet Union after the founding of the country and before the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it took advantage of the trend to catch up with the democratic wave and developed its own ＂Concept of National Security＂ and ＂Concept of Foreign Policy.＂ The essence and evolution of ＂National Security Concept＂ and ＂Foreign Policy Concept＂ are the focus of this paper.