從馬祖列島灘岸考古調查發現芻探宋元時期中琉航線

An Archaeological Perspective on China-Ryukyu Maritime Routes During the Song and Yuan Dynasties Based on Surveys on Beaches of the Matsu Islands

海洋文化地景的概念指涉海上航線與港點所形成之水上及水下文化網絡，並特別重視在海域和陸地交替處的灘岸文化地景。臺灣迄今已發現約莫兩千多處考古遺址，分布全島各地，但灘岸地區的考古調查工作方才起步。由於海岸地形受全球暖化環境變遷的影響特別敏感，近年灘岸考古研究正方興未艾，而此一研究取徑成果並能反映出近岸可能存在之水下文化資產。本文彙整灘岸考古調查工作結果和文獻資料，嘗試探討馬祖列島地區古代人文地景的變化以及海上航線的意義，這是以往國內考古調查甚少觸及的新課題。中國古代航海向以山行水勢之重要地景作為指引，而馬祖列島鎮嶽閩江口的關鍵地理位置，明清以降地位益顯重要。本研究調查顯示馬祖諸島灘岸持續出現9、10世紀以來的中國陶瓷遺物，配合文獻以及陸域的考古遺址，說明千年來漢人移居和貿易的活動痕跡。分析顯示遺物數量在分布上於12–14世紀間呈現一個高峰，通過陶瓷器品類的比較分析，可以將閩江口島嶼的考古發現與臺灣北岸和琉球的考古遺址聯結上，應是反映出史料文獻甚少言及的早期中琉貿易航路，研判該海上貿易的性質迥異後世盛行的中日官方貿易。

Our investigation at the Matsu Islands draws perspectives from maritime cultural landscape that highlights the cultural networks are intertwined through navigation routes, sea ports, and in particular the littoral zones where marine and terrestrial activities meet. Presently, over two thousand archaeological sites have been recorded covering almost the entire island of Taiwan, but archaeological survey on the coastline is as yet underdeveloped. Word-wide, investigations of coastal sites are receiving increasing attentions as we face the impacts of global warming and the resulting rising sea levels which will have particular impacts on waterfront sites. Furthermore, this approach can uncover evidence of potential underwater cultural resources at shorelines. Based on a literature search and our first-hand fieldwork data on Matsu islands, this article aims to explore the issues of cultural landscape changes and ancient navigation networks. Chinese literature has illustrated that ancient seafaring relied heavily on significant maritime landmarks and scenes, explaining how the pivotal location of the Matsu islands at the mouth of Min River could account for their importance to military considerations and maritime trade since the Song Dynasty. Our archaeological surveys of beaches throughout the six main islands shows that substantial deposition of Chinese porcelain occurred since the 9th to 10th century AD. Taken together, our data from historical archives and materials from terrestrial archaeological sites contribute to a portrait of longterm activities of Han Chinese on the Matsu islands. Our analysis further reveals an abrupt peak of artifacts dated between the 12th and 14th centuries, which merits particular discussion. A comparative analysis reveals that the identical combination of types of ceramics can link archaeological discoveries on Fuzho in China and Matsu with archaeological sites on the northern shores of Taiwan and Ryukyu, which suggests an early Sino-Japan trade route rarely mentioned in historical documents of the time. We argue that the nature of this early, unrecorded, maritime trade deviates substantially from the official trade between China and Japan that prevailed in next several centuries.