十七、八世紀的分歧──以故宮院藏、院展臺灣輿圖為討論中心

Cartography Discrimination Between the 17th and 18th Century: Regarding the Maps of Taiwan Being Collected and Exhibited in the National Palace Museum as Discussion Topics

在文獻檔案的界定中，輿圖屬檔案圖像類：在國立故宮博物院所典藏的文獻檔案中，輿圖佔相當的比例。理論上，地圖應該是實際測繪後的圖像：但事實卻不然。它有時候是統治者想像的空間：有時候又是統治者意志的延伸。本文主要以國立故宮博物院所藏清代臺灣輿圖及曾在故宮展出的17世紀西方所繪臺灣島圖為例，嘗試探討中、西繪製臺灣地圖技巧與觀點的差異及當時中國與西方世界如何看待臺灣。從17世紀以後，西方海權國家藉著航海技術與武器，積極向亞洲擴張、發展；臺灣並非西方海權國家到亞洲的首站，但以其地處亞洲海疆要衝，因此臺灣逐漸變成列強覬覦的對象。最後，荷蘭在這一競逐中脫穎而出，宰制臺灣近40年。這一段時期或貿易、或殖民，對於臺灣是一段重要的過程。臺灣入清版圖後，由於統治的需要，清室將繪製臺灣全圖視為擘劃整建這塊新入疆址的藍圖；因此，每隔一段時間就出現了一幅臺灣全圖。目前傳世清朝所繪的臺灣輿圖，基本上皆以傳統的繪圖技巧所繪。本文亦嘗試探討傳統的技巧在繪圖上的特徵與不足處。本文除了探討17、18世紀中、西方繪製臺灣輿圖技巧的不同外；另試著從地圖上所透露的訊息，分析當時臺灣的國際地位。

Map has been classified into the category of archival images in the filed of documentary archives. A considerate portion of documentary collections in National Palace Museum is map. Theoretically, a map should be depicted in accordance with on site measurement. However, in fact, it was not always what it should be, Sometimes a map just was to reflect a ruler's imagination, or to extend his mind of sovereignty. This article is to discuss differences cartographic technologies and views between the ancient China and the West, by means of those maps of Taiwan drawn in Qing dynasty that are collected in the National Palace Museum (NPM), and those of which drawn in the 17th century by Westerns had once exhibited in NPM, also to discuss how China and the Western treated the status of Taiwan at that time. Western sea power countries had aggressively expanded their sovereignties to Asia by navigation technology and armory since the 17th century. Taiwan was not the first stop of their Asia journey. However, Taiwan was located a threshold to clutch Asian marine region. Therefore, Taiwan gradually became a target of these sea power countries. Consequently, Holland won the colony competition. And then Holland had ruled Taiwan for almost 40 years. The Holland colonial times of which trade and colonization were very important part of Taiwan history. Since Taiwan became a part of Qing's territory, according to the need of her dominion and governance. Qing government had treated map drawing for Taiwan as a blueprint for constructing her new territory. Therefore, Qing continually redrew the map of Taiwan once in a while. At present, all map s of Taiwan in Qing were bequeathing to posterity that had been drawn basically by traditional cartographic skills. This article also tried to discuss the features and deficiencies of traditional cartographic skills as well. This article exploited the differences of cartographic skills between the West and China in the 17th-18th centuries. Besides, it also interpreted the messages inside those maps, and analyzed the international status of Taiwan at that time.