孔子「可與立，未可與權」試詮──兼述司馬遷對叔孫通權變之敘寫

How Confucius evaluated the establish of being a man and to weigh the political judgment-Seeing Shusun Tong's Choice from''Records of the Grand Historian''

《論語．子罕》記載子曰：「可與共學，未可與適道；可與適道，未可與立；可與立，未可與權。」學、道、立、權，屬於四個不同的階段，孔子這段話不是在討論個人的發展，而是置之於人我之間的關係變化。從「可與共學」，到「可與適道」，再到「可與立」都存在人我聚分的認知與選擇，有著一個逐漸窄化而明晰的範圍。但到了「可與立，未可與權」卻回歸到「我」自身，「權」（權衡）之在於我，不在他人。叔孫通被司馬遷譽為「漢家儒宗」，其對權變的運用，頗有可觀之處。本文從「可與立，未可與權」出發，討論從「可與共學」到「未可與權」的自覺與抉擇，進而分析「權」的個體性與「未可與權」的理由。最後，透過《史記》的記載，以叔孫通為例，分析其權變之成功。

Confucius once said :'' People whom if we may get so established along with, we shall find them unable to weigh occurring events along with us.'' Learning, Taoism, establishment, and power belong to four different stages. This passage of Confucius is not about personal development, but about changes in the relationship between people and me. In this article we try to find out the process from study in common to weigh occurring events alone. Why is that only oneself can weigh occurring events? Shusun Tong is known for organization of the first court worship for the Emperor of Han. He tried to build etiquette and ceremonies in Han dynasty. His flexible thinking allows him to reach his goal. And that why we choose him as a model to study.