論美國平等保護案件的審查方法

The Framework of Equal Protection Analysis in America

我國憲法和法律為平等權提供了比較完善的規範保護體系，但現實生活中平等權的保障並不理想。目前所側重的合理性審查並不能有效實現憲法保障權利和控制權力的目標，有必要為平等權植入“牙齒”。于此，美國平等保護案件的審查方法可資借鑒。美國憲法上平等保護案例的審查方法，已經形成了由合理性審查、中度審查與嚴格審查等多重審查強度構成的體系，要求根據分類標準和基本權利重要性的不同而採用不同審查強度，審查系爭政府目的和手段之間的合理關聯性。雖然該審查方法也存在可操作性差、分類標準或審查強度的歸入過于主觀化以及過于形式主義等諸多批評，但應可以通過後移審查重心、強化分類標準以及綜合考量相關因素予以彌補。

Though the Constitution and the laws of China offers comprehensive normative system for the realization of right to equality, such right has frequently violated. The highlighted rationale review is unable to realize the goal of the Constitution. Accordingly, it is necessary to strengthen the guaranteeing of right to equality by introducing with a framework of analysis. in this regard, the American framework of equal protection scrutiny should be considered a model. The equal protection clause and its meanings was formulated after the Civil War in the United States and have experienced an long and rough progress. The framework of equal protection analysis is an vital part of the doctrine of equal protection. it is a complicated multi-tier framework consisted of rational scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny and strict scrutiny. it attributes a classification to a scrutiny in accordance with the criterion and importance of the right involved and scrutinizes whether the means adopted is substantially related to the end pursued. it helps to protect the rights and control the powers. However, it has been criticized of being impracticable, subjective and too formal, which might be cured by shifting the weight on the means scrutiny, consolidating the classification criterions and highlighting a more comprehensive consideration while attributing the level of scrutiny.