論海上軍事活動之國際法規範

A Study on International Regulations Concerning the Military Activities at Sea

關於海上軍事活動之國際法規範，《聯合國海洋法公約》透過相關通行制度之安排，確保軍艦於領海、國際海峽與群島海道之航行，以及軍機於國際海峽與群島海道之飛越，相關軍事活動若不悖離於「和平目的」，仍有存在之空間。公約透過模糊之規範用語，嘗試平衡相關國家之權利和義務，遺留相關法律問題，須透過爭端解決機制加以解決。惟公約締約國可透過聲明，排除爭端解決機制對於其軍事活動之管轄權，使得此一機制未能發揮功能。但近年來，國際爭端解決機制對於相關案件之管轄權認定，漸趨寬鬆，一旦進入實質審理時，爭端解決機制將面對新的挑戰，必須加以克服。

Regarding the international regulations on military activities at Sea, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) is applied in the peacetime and establishes both the maritime zones and navigation system. Through the navigation system, the LOS Convention ensures the navigational rights of warships in territorial seas, international straits and archipelagic sea lanes, along with the overflight rights of military aircrafts in international straits and archipelagic sea lanes. As long as the military activities do not deviate from the purpose of peace, there is still room for their existence. While the LOS Convention has adopted ambiguous terms in order to balance both the rights and obligations of maritime States and coastal ones, the relevant legal arguments whose resolutions rely on dispute settlement mechanisms still remain. The contracting parties of the LOS Convention can adopt the declarations to exclude disputes about military activities from the compulsory jurisdictions of the dispute settlement mechanisms. Yet recently such mechanisms tend to accept their own jurisdictions over these case types. Once entered into substantive procedures, such mechanisms will face new challenges that need to be resolved.