「朝鮮」如何進入明清史家的視界

How "Choson" Entered the World of Ming-Qing Historians

本文旨在探討中國明清史家初次「邂逅」朝鮮文獻的歷史。中國第一代的明清史家自1920年代以降開始注意朝鮮史料，重要史家如孟森、吳晗、李光濤等人更傾注心力盡讀《朝鮮王朝實錄》，展開各自的研究。他們重視朝鮮文獻源於兩個關鍵因素，一是清朝統治遺留下的歷史問題，一是日本東洋史家的朝鮮研究成果。兩股力量的交匯，內外合力，朝鮮從此進入明清史家的視界。本文首先梳理清朝文化政策的影響，次而探論日本東洋史研究對中國學人的刺激。清朝統治者透過幾種方式，造成清代讀書人對於特定的歷史議題，服膺官方預設的標準。這個結構性的背景，致使民國初年的明清史家懷疑史料的真假，甚至認為清代的史料甚少，文獻不足徵。與此同時，日本東洋史學界大力發展朝鮮研究，累積豐碩的成果。中國史家在史料不足的情況下，透過日本史家的著作將目光投向朝鮮文獻。明清史研究與朝鮮史料的結合，使當時的明清史家得以挑戰新的課題並造就孟森的代表作《明元清系通紀》。本文最後回顧1930年後的發展，直迄1960年代，呈現不同世代的明清史家如何理解朝鮮史料的價值與意義。

This article fills a gap in Ming-Qing historiography by discussing the first encounter that Chinese Ming-Qing istorians had with Choson Korean historical materials. The first generation of Ming-Qing historians in China began to pay more attention to Choson materials in the 1920s. Important pioneers in the field, such as Meng Sen (孟森), Wu Han (吳晗), and Li Kwang-tao (李光濤), devoted themselves to reading and researching the Veritable Records of the Choson Dynasty (Chaoxian wangchao shilu). This article argues that these Chinese historians attached importance to the Choson materials in the 1930s because of two key factors: the problems that persisted in Qing historiography; and the research achievements of Japanese historians of East Asia. This combination of internal and external lements brought Choson Korean materials to the attention of Chinese Ming-Qing historians.
This article first investigates the influence of cultural policies in the Qing dynasty, under which the government deployed various methods to compel scholars to abide by official constraints on their research. This legacy led Ming-Qing historians in the 1930s to doubt the credibility of Qing-era historians, to the point that they lamented the paucity of reliable Qing history data. At the same time, Japanese historians had begun to make considerable progress in developing the study of Choson Korea. This article shows that these Choson materials first came to the attention of Chinese historians through Japanese scholarship, in the absence of reliable Qing historical material. The use of Choson historical materials in the study of Ming and Qing history enabled these historians to pose challenging new research questions, and led to the creation of Meng Sen’s masterpiece, A Comprehensive Record of the Yuan, Ming and Qing (Yuan, Ming, Qing xi tongji). Lastly, this article reviews developments from the 1930s to the 1960s, showing how Ming-Qing historians have viewed the value and significance of Choson historical materials.