信仰融攝與崇拜調適──以越南瑤族 道經中之九天衛房花王聖母為例

The Mixing of Religion and the Adaptation of Worship Sample as Jiu Tian Wei Fang Hua Wang Sheng Mu (九天衛房花王聖母) in the Daoism Scriptures of Yao in Vietnam

筆者近年來收集的越南瑤族的民間文獻，存有許多關於生育信仰的瑤傳道 經。在經籍上，如《雜經》中存有《太上說請聖母花王妙經》、《太上說天婆 謝妙經》、《太上說謝截路空亡妙經》、《太上說花王六害妙經》、《太上說 保胎六甲妙經》；在《諸品經》中有《太上設聖母花王妙經》、《太上設六害 天婆妙經》、《太上設血盆保胎妙經》、《太上設謝關煞截路空亡妙經》、 《太上設解謝水府妙經》、《太上設五形六害妙經》；《安奉》中亦有《太上 洞玄靈寶設花王父母妙經》；《金光大煉開啟科》收有《太上說花王聖母延生 護命妙經》、《鍊關入鎖迎聖母榜》；《解血忌懷孕書壹本》收有《太上洞 玄靈寶花王聖母血盆妙經》、《太上說解災血盆血忌寶懺》。在疏文類上， 《蕩穢牒》上，收有《解關小疏》、《還鎖意》、《解關煉炭疏》、《小雜 解疏》、《金光大煉疏》、《設醮關短瀝名疏》、《解關滿月疏》七種疏文； 《科文》上，收有《太上設謝花皇父母寶懺》、《花皇禮號》；《香火表》有 《安花王表》、《聖母表》、《還債表》、《解傷血盆表》等。在這些越南瑤 族民間文獻中，這些花王生育信仰的主祀之神，主要是九天衛房花王聖母唐朝 玄妙夫人，因此越南瑤族的花王或可稱為九天衛房花王聖母唐朝玄妙夫人。在 《正統道藏》之中，亦有九天衛房聖母的名號，本文從越南瑤族的民間文獻出 發，考察瑤傳道經中花王相關信仰，溯源花王父母的信仰與道教、道教經籍的 關係，探討兩者之間的信仰融攝與崇拜調適。

 

According to my collection about the Daoism scriptures of Yao in Vietnam in recent years, there are many Daoism scriptures talking about the birth culture. They can be ranked into two classifications: Daoism scriptures and Daoism instruments. In Daoism scriptures, there are Tai Shang Shuo Qing Sheng Mu Hua Wang Miao Jing (《太上說請聖母花王 妙經》), Tai Shang Shuo Tian Po Xie Miao Jing (《太上說天婆謝妙經》), Tai Shang Shuo Xie Jie Lu Kong Wang Miao Jing (《太上說謝截路空亡妙經》), Tai Shang Shuo Hua Wang Liu Hai Miao Jing (《太上說花王六害妙經》), Tai Shan Shuo Bao Tai Liu Jia Miao Jing (《太上說保胎六甲妙經》) in Za Jing (《雜經》). And there are also Tai Shang She Sheng Mu Hua Wang Miao Jing (《太上設聖母花王妙經》), Tai Sheng She Liu Hai Tian Po Miao Jing (《太上設六害天婆妙經》), Tai Shang She Xue Pen Bao Tai Miao Jing (《太上設血盆保胎妙經》), Tai Shang She Xie Guan Sha Jie Lu Kong Wang Miao Jing (《太上設謝關煞截路空亡妙經》), Tai Shang She Jie Xie Shui Fu Miao Jing (《太上設解謝水府妙經), Tai Shang She Wu Xing Liu Hai Miao Jing (《太上設五形六 害妙經》) in Zhu Pin Jing (《諸品經》).There are Tai Shang Dong Xuan Lian Bao She Hua Wang Fu Mu Miao Jing (《太上洞玄靈寶設花王父母妙經》) in An Feng (《安奉》 ); Tai Shang Shuo Hua Wang Sheng Mu Yan Sheng Hu Ming Miao Jing (《太上說花王聖 母延生護命妙經》), Lian Guan Ru Suo Ying Sheng Mu Bang (《鍊關入鎖迎聖母榜》 ) in Jing Guang Da Lian Kai Qi Ke (《金光大煉開啟科》); Tai Shang Dong Xuan Lian Bao Hua Wang Sheng Mu Xue Pen Miao Jing (《太上洞玄靈寶花王聖母血盆妙經》), Tai Shang Shuo Jie Zai Xue Pen Xue Ji Bao Chan (《太上說解災血盆血忌寶懺》) in Jie Xue Ji Huai Yun Shu Yi Ben (《解血忌懷孕書壹本》). In Daoism instruments, there are Jie Guan Xiao Shu (《解關小疏》), Huan Suo Yi (《還鎖意》), Jie Guan Lian Tan Shu (《解關煉炭疏》), Xiao Za Jie Shu (《小雜解疏》), Jing Guang Da Lian Shu (《金光 大煉疏》), She Jiao Guan Duan Li Ming Shu (《設醮關短瀝名疏》), Jie Guan Man Yue Shu (《解關滿月疏》) in Dang Hui Die (《蕩穢牒》); Tai Shang She Xie Hua Huang Fu Mu Bao Chang (《太上設謝花皇父母寶懺》), Hua Huang Li Hao (《花皇禮號》) in Ke Wen (《科文》); An Hua Wang Biao (《安花王表》), Sheng Mu Biao (《聖母表》), Huan Zhai Biao (《還債表》), Jie Shang Xue Pen Biao (《解傷血盆表》) in Xiang Huo Biao (《香火表》). In these documents of Yao in Vietnam, it is found that the main spirit of the birth belief is Jiu Tian Wei Fang Hua Wang Sheng Mu Tang Chao Xuan Miao Fu Ren (九天衛房花王聖母唐朝玄妙夫人). In Daoism Cannon (《正統道藏》), there is also the same name. The aim of this paper is to survey the birth belief of Hua Wang (花王) by view of the Yao Daoism scriptures as well as to study the relationship between the birth belief of Hua Wang and the Daoism.