2018年中國大陸憲法修正案新設監察委員會之評析

Comments on the Supervisory Committee of the Amendment to the Constitution of China in 2018

2018年3月11日，中國大陸第十三屆全國人民代表大會第一次會議通過憲法修正案，在憲法第三章國家機構中專門增加一節「監察委員會」，確立其作為國家機構的憲法地位。這次修憲是對國家監察體制改革的頂層設計，對政治體制、政治權力、政治關係的重大調整，反映自中共十八大以來反腐倡廉的成果，貫徹中共十九大後關於健全黨和國家監察體制的重大部署，完善中國共產黨領導下的憲政制度，為制定監察法和設立國家和地方各級監察委員會提供憲法依據，為依法治國和依法執政提供憲政基礎，更為推進國家治理體制和治理能力現代化提供重要的憲法保證。不過，監察委員會引發不少的疑慮，擁有如此龐大監察權的國家機構，如何和其他機構分工合作，監察權的內涵究竟為何，如何確保監察權在人權保障下行使，將成為監察委員會無法避免的重要議題。人權保障的方向，只能向前走，不能走回頭路，更不能因為反腐任務的需要而有所改變，尤其是監察權的行使，必須符合憲法的相關規定，這除了彰顯國家監察體制改革能夠兼顧人權保障之外，更能體現依法治國的理念。

On March 11, 2018, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, adopted at the first meeting of the 13th National People’s Congress of China, was amended by adding a special section of the “Supervisory Committee” in Chapter III of the Constitution to establish its constitutional status as a national institution. This constitutional amendment is a top-level design of the reform of the state supervision system, a major adjustment of the political system, political power and political relations, reflecting the achievements of combating corruption and advocating honesty since the 18th National Congress, a major deployment of improving the Party and state supervision system after the 19th National Congress, a perfection of the constitutional system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and a formulation of the Supervision Law and the establishment of supervision at the national and local levels. The committee provides constitutional basis, provides constitutional basis for governing the country according to law and for governing the country according to law, and also provides important constitutional guarantee for promoting the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. However, the Supervisory Committee has aroused a lot of doubts. How to divide and cooperate with other institutions, what is the connotation of the Supervisory Power and how to ensure the exercise of the Supervisory Rights under the protection of human rights will become an unavoidable important issue for the Supervisory Committee? The direction of human rights protection can only go forward, can not go back, and can not be changed because of the need of anti-corruption tasks. Especially, the exercise of the supervisory power must comply with the relevant provisions of the Constitution. This not only demonstrates that the reform of the national supervisory system can take into account the protection of human rights, but also reflects the idea of running the country according to law.