智慧機器人法律主體的構造──理論爭鳴、實踐探索與發展趨勢

The Construction of Artificial Intelligence’s Legal Subject--Theoretical Controversy, Practice Exploration and Development Trend

以智慧機器人為代表的智慧製造的技術革命是「工業4.0」的重要標誌。隨著移動互聯網、大數據、腦科學等新理論、新技術的發展，智慧機器人正在從「矽片芯」向「活生物芯」方向發展，越來越像人類的「類腦」智慧機器人的自主性、創造性都得到較大提高。但是，智慧機器人在改變我們生產和生活的同時，也帶來了諸多法律上的新問題、新挑戰。其中，智慧機器人是不是「法律上的人」就是爭論的焦點和相關法律問題解決的前提。如果智慧機器人不具有主體資格，當智慧機器人造成人身或者財產損害時，究竟有誰來承擔責任、承擔何種責任，目前，以人類行為者為中心的侵權責任理論和以產品生產者為中心的產品責任理論都難以回答這個問題。本文分析了智慧機器人作為法律主體的不同觀點，對美國、德國和歐盟關於機器人法律地位的立法實踐進行了比較，在此基礎上，對臺灣應對智慧機器人的法律對策提出了四個方面的原則性方案，尤其是根據智慧機器人的意志的獨立程度來建立區別性的法律對策值得關注。

The technological revolution of intelligent manufacturing represented by artificial intelligence is an important symbol of Fourth Revolution. With the development of new theories and new technologies such as cellular network, big data and neuroscience, artificial intelligence are developing from silicon chip to biochip. As a result, more and more “brain-like” artificial intelligence emergence which makes a huge progress on their autonomy and creativity. While artificial intelligence are changing our life, they also bring many legal issues and challenges to our law system. Among the issues, whether an artificial intelligence could be legally defined as principal is the core of the debate and the premise of relevant legal issues. If the artificial intelligent could not be defined as principal, who will be responsible for any personal or property damage cause by artificial intelligence and what kind of responsibility it should be. At present, neither the human action centered of tort liability theory nor can the pro-ducer centered of Product liability theory answer this question. This paper analyzes the different viewpoints of artificial intelligence as legal subjects and compares the artificial intelligence legal status in the United States, Germany and the European Union. On this basis, it proposed four prin ciples for Taiwan’s legislation about artificial intelligence. The solution, especially based on the degree of independence of the will of artificial in-telligence, is worthy of attention.