靈性及安身立命：從四大存有問題建構貫串靈性與生涯的本土化理論

Spirituality and Living with One’s Spirit: From Four Big Questions of Human Existence to Construct Indigenous Theories for Spirituality and Career

針對四大存有問題：我是誰？我的人生處境是什麼？我為什麼會受苦？我如何得到救贖與解救？本文綜合先前研究和本期論文發現：（1）靈性成長導引離苦：不論有無宗教信仰或信奉哪種宗教，靈性學習或在諮商中探討靈性議題，均有助於超越困頓、獲得靈性成長；（2）宗教給出世界觀和生涯觀：西方一神文化形成了個人主義的世界觀，華人的儒釋道文化強調自性的覺醒，形成了重視個人修煉及人境和諧的世界觀，本期論文研發的果報信念量表，可用以評量佛教與道教的累世因果觀念，期望後續研究可揭開另類身心健康與生活調適之道；（3）人在世間活出靈性：生命信念、生活目標之選擇（立命），是一再重複的螺旋狀的視框轉移歷程，如何籌備本事以便在生活世界中實際活出所選角色劇本（安身），則可透過有效的培訓模式加以輔助。綜合上述評析，本文建議：（1）在既有的靈性與諮商論述和實徵研究基礎上，進一步發展出理論；（2）開啟更多的「生涯」與「靈性」之關連與對話，以期建立貫串靈性與生涯的理論，讓兩個領域相互補足，開展出更有助全人發展的助人專業；（3）透過華人文化儒釋道智慧的自性覺醒模式之研發，建構含攝華人文化的、貫串靈性與生涯的本土化理論，藉由中西會通後的創新思惟發展出嶄新與現代化的華人本土諮商心理學，並持續與西方學術界交流與對話。

No matter where you live and what cultures you belong to. You may be encountered in four big questions of human existence. Where do I come from? Why I am in this life situation? Why do I suffer? How do I find salvation? The current issue focuses on spirituality and career along with six accepted papers to echo for these four big questions of human existence. We combined previous research and the six accepted papers to provide the conclusion as fol1ows: (1) The spiritual growth leads to overcome the pain. No matter what religions you belong to or not. Spiritual learning and exploring spiritual issues during counseling would help to overcome suffering and gain spiritual growth. (2) The religions provide worldviews and career views. The western monotheism stresses on the connection or close to the God leading to the individualistic worldview. The cultures of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism aim at the cultivating self-enlightenment process to transform the self or one’s spirit to the good, nonself and authentic self. The self-enlightenment process leads to self-cultivation and the harmony worldview. There are emerging counseling studies and models to utilize the ideas of Buddhism. For example, the mindfulness originated from the Buddhism have been supported its benefits by many empirical studies. The study of the Karma Belief Scale development in our current issue could be used to assess the karma belief among the Buddhist and Taoism believers, with an aim to reveal another possible perspective to enhance mental and body health, and life adjustment. (3) We live in spiritual ways. One needs to make his or her career choice, select spiritual beliefs to apply them in the life world and understand one’s life situation to live with one’s spirit. Choosing to live with one’s spirit between life beliefs and goals is a repeated spiral and transforming process. Obtaining necessary abilities to live one’s own script in the life word could be enhanced by certain training models. Accordingly, we provide following suggestion for future research. (1) Based on the current spiritual and counseling empirical studies, we could develop related theories. (2) To open more dialogues and connection between career and spirituality could develop related theories linking spirituality to career. Then spirituality and career could be complementary to develop a helping professionalism with a more holistic development. (3) That the development of self-enlightenment models derived from the wisdom of Chinese cultures of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism is the core to construct indigenous theories for spirituality and career. The wisdom of Chinese cultures of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism could be the sources for the cultural consciousness program of Taiwan counseling professionalism. During the developing process of indigenous counseling and indigenous counseling psychology, it is worth to combine Modern western counseling theories and our cultural heritage with local living experiences. The article urges that we could draw on the Professor Kwan-Kuo Hwang’s multiple philosophical paradigms to analyze Chinese cultures of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as the basis to construct indigenous theories for spirituality and career. Accordingly, the indigenous theories for spirituality and career employing the Chinese cultures will be transformed to microworlds of scientific knowledge. Two analyzed examples of self-enlightenment models based on the Chinese cultures are presented. Specifically, the Buddhist self-enlightenment model suggests that we apply the self-cultivation principle by obeying certain precepts, practicing compassion, and absorbing wisdom. The aim of all this is to see through and overcome the delusion of the self, transforming self to nonself. The nonself state is authentic and durable happiness. Finally, we are calling for Chinese scholars to cultivate themselves towards to self-enlightenment then to comfort the others and construct new and modern Chinese indigenous counseling psychology based on merging our cultural roots and the western scientific knowledge, along with ongoing communications and dialogues with the Western academic societies.