商標侵害損害賠償之計算──以合理權利金、侵害所得利益、法定賠償額為中心

The Methods of Calculating Trademark Damages－Focusing on Reasonable Royalty, Accounting of Profits, and Statutory Damages

商標法第七一條列出數種計算損害賠償之方式。本文參照布坎南與涂洛克的逐步交易法，以及納許均衡的概念，並且援引謝林的聚點概念，探討商標法中數種損害賠償計算方法。合理權利金通常以假設性談判法加以建構，又可藉由納許均衡理解假設性談判的意涵。過去權利金常是以合理權利金計算損害賠償的聚點。侵害所得利益則是將侵害事件的剩餘移轉給原告；但是否將全部侵害所得利益移轉給原告，則須取決於聚點──即被告之故意──是否存在。法定賠償額在實際運作上傾向於侵害所得利益。以上損害賠償計算方法，可作為寇斯定理的例示與進一步闡示。

Article 71 of the Trademark Law lists several ways of calculating damages. This article refers to Buchanan and Tullock’s explanation of the Edgeworth box, Nash’s equilibrium concept, and Schelling’s focal point theory to explain several ways of calculating trademark damages. The reasonable royalty is often constructed by using the hypothetical negotiation scenario, which in turn can be understood by referring to Nash equilibrium. An established royalty is often used as a focal point for calculating a reasonable royalty. An accounting of the infringer’s profits is to transfer to the plaintiff the surplus caused by the incident of infringement. However, whether to transfer all of the infringer’s profits to the plaintiff is to be determined by a focal point—the defendant’s willfulness. The use of statutory damages in practice tends to be an accounting of the infringer’s profits. These methods of calculating damages can be considered as examples and further explications of the Coase theorem.