當代亞洲佛教「人間性」的實踐與批判：兼論新儒家的現代化課題

The Practice and Critique of “Earthliness” in Contemporary Asian Buddhism and the Modernization of Neo-Confucianism

佛教以人為本的入世實踐，在當代亞洲各國實踐發展的過程，經歷社會運動、民主改革的對話與衝突，開展出佛教「人間性」同時具備建設性與批判性的雙重面向。本文以當代佛教在亞洲各國如印度、西藏、越南、緬甸、泰國、日本及臺灣等地所展現的兩種「人間性」的具體實踐模型：「激進佛教」與「人間佛教」作為探討的焦點，並與當代新儒家現代民主思想進行對話，期在多元文化互動交流頻繁、也衝突不斷的今日，通過佛法理性自我批判與溝通的反思，重審當代政治秩序背後隱含意識型態的暴力與他者認同的問題。此外，從佛教與儒家的角度重省在面對當代法律政治的主流思考偏向下，被迫者的生命如何在「界限」下尋求出路的可能。

Buddhism, which has the characteristics of humanism and a social-ministry spirit, has experienced social movements and the conflicts of democratic reform in Asian countries. It has developed its concept of human nature through the blending of constructive and critical orientations. The aims of this study were to research Buddhism in the contemporary societies of Asian countries (e.g., India, Tibet, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Japan, and Taiwan), present two paradigms of concrete humanist practice, engage in a dialogue with Neo-Confucian concepts of democracy, and reexamine the problems of political violence within ideology through the Buddhist positions of rational self-criticism and self-reflection in communication. In addition to these areas, this article considers the lives of oppressed individuals in contemporary legal and political deviations from Buddhist and Confucian perspectives, and it examines the possibilities for such individuals to free themselves from these restrictions.