論《世說新語》之門第教育及其影響

Discussion on the Pedigree Education and Its Influence in Essays and Criticism

魏晉之士族因欲維護家族地位，把持名利之柄，故而嚴守門第界限，不欲使他人染指。而不論是舊族門戶期望長久保有優越特權，或新出門戶冀望改變家族地位，最基本且有效之途徑即為門第教育。門第教育之核心要點有三，一為家長注重齊家，使家族和睦，且統一家族發展方向；其次為強調孝道，此與當時社會風氣相關，追本溯源，即為司馬氏政權重孝而輕忠之影響；復次為重禮，禮於家族可發揮其維持倫理秩序效用。栽培子弟之作法則有內集講論文義、以身作則、善意謊言等。而門第教育之成果，使家長於教育晚輩之同時，亦產生其形象美感，樹立其人格典範。其影響即為促進家族整體學養上升，甚至普及至奴僕；其次則是經由家長之勸導，得以避免可能之禍患。

To maintain family status and control fame and wealth, gentries of Wei and Jin dynasties strictly observed the boundary of family status and prevented poor people from involvement. The most basic and effective way was pedigree education for old families which expected to keep the privilege of superiority permanently or new families which hoped to change their status. Pedigree education contained three core spirits. Firstly, patriarchs attached importance to governing and harmonizing their families and unifying the development direction of their families. Secondly, filial piety was emphasized, which was related to the social morality and influenced by the regime of the Sima laying emphasis on filial piety and paying little attention to loyalty from the source. Thirdly, etiquette was valued. For the ethical order of families, etiquette could give play to its effect. The method of cultivating children included gathering family members together to discuss poetry and prose, playing an exemplary role and telling white lies. Regarding the achievements of pedigree education, patriarchs could educate the younger generation, raise their good images and set an example in personality. The influence of pedigree education involved improving the whole learning and cultivation of families and even popularizing pedigree education to servants. In the second place, the persuasion of patriarchs could avoid possible disasters.