土耳其伊斯蘭復興改革運動：居廉（Fethullah Gülen）思想之論述

Modern Turkish Islamic Revival Movement－A Study on Fethullah Gülen’s Thoughts

「居廉運動」興起於1960年代的土耳其，時值政府開放多黨政治後實施自由主義政策。運動形成之初，居廉於清真寺擔任宣道師，不但利用聚禮日的佈道宣揚其對伊斯蘭的理解，更走訪各大城市，向人民闡述其復興改革理念。其主題包括《古蘭經》、聖訓與伊斯蘭的道德等傳統議題，以及多元文化共存、現代教育、科學與宗教、理性與信仰之間的關係等現代議題；其訴求乃鼓勵穆斯林在追求現代舒適的物質生活之餘，不忘提升自我的內在精神與信仰層面，成為獲致真主喜愛的奴僕；其途徑則為身、心、靈三個面向的認主獨一，與奠基於其上的愛、寬容、原諒、利他等普世性的人本關懷精神。居廉的這些訴求可說與上述伊斯蘭復興改革運動的兩大目標相符合，亦即重申「認主獨一」（tawheed）的信仰本質，以及重新詮釋信仰以符合當代社會之變遷。
鑑於居廉的思想在其追隨者之間所起的指導性作用，及在其他伊斯蘭復興改革運動中所擁有的特殊性，本文論述的重點將聚焦於居廉對伊斯蘭信仰本身的詮釋，就其復興改革運動中的三大特色：正本清源、重振安納托利亞伊斯蘭，與結合現代及傳統的中庸之道進行論述，企藉此對整個運動的思想底蘊深入探討。

Gülen movement emerged in the 1960s’ in Turkey, when the government embraced multi-party system and liberal policies. In the beginning of the movement, Gülen worked as a vaiz in the mosques preaching his understanding of Islam in (Cuma) sermons on Fridays. He toured in every major city to advocate his ideologies of Islamic revivalism, concerning traditional Koranic and prophetic teachings, multiculturalism in the Islamic Umma, modern education, compatibility of religion with science, as well as reasons and faith etc. He endeavors to urge Muslims to pursue not only the comfort and convenience benefited from modern life, but also to seek self-enhancement as well as elevation of spiritual and religious life, in order to achieve piety toward Allah. The pathway to attain this goal is through physical, inward and spiritual tawheed, as well as universal humanism, which lays upon universal properties, such as love, forgiveness and altruism. Gülens appeals align with the two objectives of aforementioned rejuvenation movements on Islam, that is, the fundamental oneness of God, and the interpretation of beliefs to cope with needs in the modern society. Gülens ideology has created huge inspiration among his followers, as well as the uniqueness it possesses among the relevant rejuvenating movements. This article aims to study Gülens interpretation of Islam by focusing on his three major concepts: reforms from the bottoms, revival of Anatolian Islam, and religious moderation which combines modernity and traditions.