世界競技運動強國青少年選手培訓體系之困境探析

Analysis of the main challenges for youth training systems in world sporting powers

處在高度重視競技運動表現的時代裡，如何培養青少年選手，使其成為在國際大型運動賽事上奪牌的人物，已經逐漸成為許多國家關注的焦點。本文主要是希望透過瞭解世界競技運動強國的青少年培訓體系，進而探析其在發展上所面臨的主要困境，再針對其面臨困境所採取的因應策略做討論。研究結果發現，目前世界競技運動強國 (美國、中國、俄羅斯、澳洲、德國、韓國、英國) 的青少年培訓體系，可概分為全面、學俱、學體以及體校等四種類型。雖然世界競技運動強國在培訓體系上略有不同，但在青少年培訓體系卻都面臨到競技運動參與人口減少、學生運動員訓練與學業上之衝突以及運動選手生涯發展等三大問題。針對上述的問題，部份國家已採取以下幾個策略來加以回應，其分別為制訂相關政策並結合學校與運動俱樂部系統、建立符合學生運動員的課業學習制度、以及設立專業輔導系統和提供專業輔導人員等。這些因應對策，在某種程度亦可做為未來臺灣在青少年選手培訓體系上之借鏡與參考。

In the era of high sport performance, the cultivation of youth athletes for competing in international sporting events has gradually become the focus of attention in many countries. The purpose of this study is to understand the youth training systems of the world sporting powers and discover the challenges in their development. Furthermore, the strategies and difficulties of developing these systems will be discussed. The results reveal that the youth training systems of world sporting powers which are the US, China, Russia, Australia, Germany, Korea and the UK can be divided into four types: full provision (schools, sports clubs and sports schools); schools and sports clubs; schools and sports schools; and sports schools only. Moreover, even though the youth training systems of these countries are slightly different, they are all faced with three main challenges, containing the decrease of elite sport participants, the imbalance between training and study hours for student-athletes, and athletes’ career development. As mentioned above, some of the countries have initiated some strategies to solve the problems, such as formulating policies which merge with schools and sports clubs, building education systems for student-athletes, and establishing a professional consulting system and providing athletic counselors. To an extent, these strategies may serve as a guide for the youth training system in Taiwan.