客家再移民在地化研究─以草屯土城張家為例

A Study on Localization of Hakka Re-migration: A Case on the Changs in Caotun, Nantou

在日本統治時期，桃、竹、苗地區的客家人，因為人口不斷增長，導致耕地不足，分別離開原居地，到高雄、屏東、南投、花蓮、台東等地開墾，有的移民是自發性前往，有的則因官方鼓勵而移民。本研究的研究對象張姓家族，亦在這波再次移民之列。約在1920年代，張家舉家從新竹竹北的東海窟，移居到南投草屯的土城地區。土城張家的特殊性在於，與草屯其他許多早已福佬化的客家族群相較，他們是唯一保持客語能力和客家習俗的家族，研究發現其特殊處在於張家舉家遷移、關係密切，因居住位置封閉，不易受到閩南文化影響，且至今家族仍居原地，再加上先人墓地在居處後方，家族成員因為掃墓而強化凝聚力。在張家遷移到草屯土城之後，已逐漸成為在地化家族，其在地化現象表現在土城當地祭祀掃墓、擁有土地、流利閩語能力、與閩通婚、部分信仰習俗受到當地閩南人影響等。

In the Japanese Occupation Period, since the Hakka in Taoyuan, Hsinchu and Miaoli were increasing and there was a shortage of cultivated land, they left the original domiciles and moved to Kaohsiung, Pingtung, Nantou, Hualien, and Taitung. Some migrants were voluntary and some were under governmental incentives. The subjects of this study are the Chang family, and they are included among these migrants. More than 80 years ago (1920s), the Chang family moved from Tunghaiku of Jhubei to Tucheng area of Caotun, Nantou. As to uniqueness of the Chang family in Caotun, in comparison to other Hakka who have become Holo in Caotun, they are the only family having Hakka proficiency and Hakka customs. The reasons are as follows: the Chang family moved to Caotun as a whole family and have had a close family relationship; they kept themselves from being influenced by the Minnans because they have lived in a closed surroundings; the Changs have a strong sense of family cohesion since most of family members still have lived in the same place as their ancestors did and sweep forefathers’ tombs. According to the findings, localization of the Chang family in Tucheng of Caotun is demonstrated in sacrifices to gods and tomb sweeping of Tucheng, land ownership, mastering the Minnan language, intermarriage with the Minnan, and part of religious belief and customs influenced by the local Minnans.