「文化」語彙之運用與理解——以評說德國實務為中心

On Application of “Culture” in Judicial Adjudication: Decisions and Commentary of the Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany

違憲審查制度賦予憲法解釋高度的權威性。權威性的樹立，向以制度、組織與程序三個層面建構。本文擬從語言溝通的角度，探討釋憲裁判說理方式的特性。研究方法採取後設立場，自語法學、語意學和語用學，分析「文化」字詞的意義在解釋者和當事人間的關係；並以德國聯邦憲法法院之裁判，作為分析與比較基礎。作者選取相關判決，簡述案件事實與關於文化語句的論述，藉以析縷文化概念在德國釋憲實務上的應用，以說明功能性運用之特點；和實際呈現出的反差效果。在解說德國釋憲案之後，作者從詮釋觀點出發，說明語言詞彙之使用，一定程度反映先見的存在與其必要。隨後從文法與關聯性的角度探索語用的分歧現象。再借助語言學的研究成果，探討文化作為語言符號。基於這些前期工作，方能推進解釋目的在於爭取裁判雙方的信服，以及如何從雜亂無章的個案中，以中介概念評釋此等運用手法的意義與價值。最後以釋憲裁判與審議民主之關係作為本文結論。

Constitutional Review endows the explanation of the Constitution with high authority. The establishment of authority could be constructed from three perspectives: the system, the organization and the procedure. This article aims to examine the characteristic of the reasoning behind the Constitutional Review judgements and rulings with the viewpoint of verbal communication. The author chooses to operate this research from a metastandpoint, using Syntax, Semantic and Pragmatics to analyze the meaning of “culture” between the interpreter and the parties and its relations and taking the judgements and rulings of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany as the basis to analyze and compare. The author would choose related judgements and rulings to summarize the case facts and the discourse of cultural statements in order to analyze how cultural concepts apply to the practices of the Federal Constitutional Court, explain the characteristic of functional use and the contrasting results in reality. After discussing the cases of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, the author would present the point that the use of language and vocabulary would reflect the existence of the above and its necessity from a hermeneutical way, then inquire the phenomena of pragmatic ambiguity from the prospective of grammar and correlation, and discuss culture as verbal symbol by the research result of linguistics. The above works could be helpful to explain that the purpose of interpretation is to gain the persuasion of the parties to the litigation, and to demonstrate the meaning and the value of this usage with mediating concepts from disorganized cases. At the conclusion of this article the author would illuminate the relation between Constitutional Review and deliberative democracy.