父母心理支持／控制與國中生心理需求、動機涉入關係之分析

THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PARENTAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT/CONTROL, PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS, AND MOTIVATIONAL ENGAGEMENT IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

研究目的：過去研究依自我決定理論多探討心理支持透過心理需求滿足預測適應性動機涉入之適應性路徑，少著墨其不適應性層面。近期研究發現心理支持／控制為不同向度，心理需求滿足／挫敗為不同向度，不能相互推論，故本研究採變項、個人中心分析父母心理支持／控制、心理需求滿足／挫敗、適應性／不適應性動機涉入之關係。研究設計／方法／取徑：本研究以國二833名學生為樣本，以結構方程模式、集群與變異數分析。研究發現或結論：（1）心理支持／控制、心理需求、動機涉入關係模式適配；（2）父母心理支持正向預測心理需求滿足較強，負向預測心理需求挫敗較弱或無預測力；父母心理控制正向預測心理需求挫敗較強，負向預測心理需求滿足較弱或無預測力；（3）心理需求滿足正向預測適應性動機涉入較強，負向預測不適應性動機涉入較弱或無預測力；心理需求挫敗正向預測不適應性動機涉入較強，負向預測適應性動機涉入較弱或無預測力；（4）父母心理支持／控制組型分低質、低量、高質組，高質組為最適應，較支持「質」的觀點。研究原創性／價值：（1）發現父母心理支持、控制對孩子適應性、不適應性變項不同強弱的預測效果，顯示其背後運作機制不同。（2）了解真實情境中父母心理支持／控制組型狀況，父母需留意教養品質（質觀點），非僅是涉入越多越好（量觀點）。教育政策建議或實務意涵：父母欲提升孩子適應性狀態，減少對孩子的心理控制效果不大，增加對孩子的心理支持效果才強；父母欲降低孩子不適應性狀態，增加對孩子的心理支持效果不強，減少對孩子的心理控制效果才大。

Purpose: Past studies based on self-determination theory have mostly focused on adaptive path analyses (rather than maladaptive path analyses) by exploring the predictive effect of psychological support on adaptive motivational engagement through psychological need satisfaction. Recent studies, however, have found that psychological support and control are distinct dimensions, and that psychological need satisfaction and thwarting are as well. In this study, variable centered and person-centered analyses were adopted to explore the relationships among parental psychological support/control, psychological need satisfaction/thwarting, and adaptive/maladaptive motivational engagement. Design/methodology/approach: The participants were 833 junior high school students. Structural equation modeling, cluster analyses, and analyses of variance were used. Findings/results: The following results were obtained: (a) The model of psychological support/control, psychological needs, and motivational engagement fitted the observed data well; (b) parental psychological support as compared to parental psychological control was a stronger predictor of psychological need satisfaction; parental psychological control as compared to parental psychological support was a stronger predictor of psychological need thwarting; (c) psychological need satisfaction as compared to psychological need thwarting was a stronger predictor of adaptive motivational engagement; psychological need thwarting as compared to psychological need satisfaction was a stronger predictor of maladaptive motivational engagement, and (d) the cluster analyses of the psychological support/control profiles revealed three parenting profiles: a poor quality group, a low quantity group, and a good quality group. The good quality group was found to be the most adaptive, and the findings generally supported that the quality of parenting matters. Originality/value: Parental psychological support and control had different effects on children' level of adaption and maladaptation. The quality of psychological support/control profiles was more important than the quantity of psychological support/control profiles. Implications for Policy/Practice: Increasing parental psychological support is a better way to increase children's level of adaption than reducing parental psychological control; reducing parental psychological control is a better way to decrease children's level of maladaptation than increasing parental psychological support.