優生進化與罪罰變革：風化的解禁

Eugenic Evolution and Changes in Crime and Punishment: Removing Statute of Limitations for Sex Offenses

社會風化的概念與19世紀以來的優生學與進化論息息相關。隨著 生物學的快速發展，在以種族基因為優秀遺傳基礎的前提下，每個家 庭都必須傳承優良的血緣，促成國家社會的進步。為此，刑法中的相 關條款被用來保護特定的性道德情感（一夫一妻異性戀婚姻家庭）。直 到1960年代後期，許多德國學者重新思考，刑法的性犯罪條款究竟要 保護什麼樣的性？這可以歸屬於法益的範疇嗎？除了區隔道德與法益 的界線之外，他們也致力於探究性價值基礎與性管制原則之間的關連 性，促成了一連串的刑法改革。新的立法目標在於，將刑法的管轄範 圍僅限於懲處那些嚴重危害社會的行為，而諸如性工作及性交易第三 方等，過去被認定為妨害風化的不雅行為，也逐一除罪化。本文將以 德國性交易第三方的除罪化過程為例，探討其中的知識論點與歷史過 程，並與台灣當前的相關法條對照，以凸顯當代社會風化概念與罪罰 變革之關連。

Modern criminal codes demonstrate that political decisions about negative sexuality are the core of sexual offense legislation. ''Contra bonos mores''(sexual offenses) are thought as crime because they are harmful to the moral welfare of society. Indeed, the concept of gross indecency has much to do with the eugenics and evolution theory of the 19th century. Under the premise that ethnic genes are the ''excellent'' genetic basis, each family must inherit (excellent) blood and promote the progress of the national society. A complete reform of the laws concerning sex and sexuality was introduced on November 23, 1973. The reform was driven by the changing views about sexual morality in society, which rapidly ousted the traditional longstanding assessments about wrongdoing with respect to sexual conduct. In the 19th century, the relevant section was named ''Offenses against Morality''(Straftaten wider die Sittlichkeit). In 1973, it was renamed as ''Offenses against Sexual Autonomy,'' to reflect the objective of these rules, which is to protect the rights of individuals, and not morality. The new sexual-political landscape braced for a major historical shift reflected the demarcation line of state protection. This article will take the decriminalization process of the third party in sex trade in Germany as an example to shed light on the inquiry of the changing regulatory policies in Taiwan.