許學夷《詩源辯體》中的漢魏論述

The Statements of Han and Wei in Hsu ue-I's 'The Source of the Poems and the Format'

許學夷的《詩源辯體》，堪稱明代詩學的集大成之作，本文從正體與變體、時代與理勢、才能與功力三方面，對許學夷的漢、魏論述加以研究。首先，在正體與變體上：許學夷認為，魏詩與漢詩相異者十之七，而異者始變，從變的角度而言，漢詩到魏詩，是屬於同一源流中體製內的變化，所以魏詩是「變之善者」、「雖變猶正」，屬於「正變」。其次，在時代與理勢上：許學夷認為，就漢、魏、六朝來看，隨著時代發展的不同，詩歌由盛轉衰，而真正衰亡的時間點則是在六朝，魏代詩歌只變未衰，所以不但不可與風俗漸壞的齊、梁詩混為一談，更不可與其失為卑的六朝詩同日而語，而應可與本乎情興的漢代詩歌相提並論。最後，在才能與功力上：許學夷在論述魏詩時即提到詩人才力的問題，並認為正是有詩人的才力，才促使魏詩的轉變，所以才力與體製、理勢三者同樣為影響漢、魏詩歌發展的要素，在魏詩上，許學夷以才力論三曹和建安七子，尤其是三曹，並認為曹植的才力最高，其次是曹操，最下是曹丕。許學夷以二十年的精力學習漢、魏古詩，而他《詩源辯體》的漢、魏論述，確實能站在前人的基礎上，更加清楚和深入，並能提出自己的看法，成為調和復古派和公安派的較持平的論述。

Hsu Xue-I's work, The Source of the Poems and the Format, was the biggest collection in Ming poetry. This article studies Hsu Xue-I's statements on Han and Wei Dynasties in three aspects: orthodox format and converting format, time and trend, talent and skill. First of all, in the aspect of orthodox format and converting format, Hsu Xue-I thought that there were many differences between Wei and Han poems. Different started from change. From the change point of view, Han poems to Wei poems were changing from the same source. So, Wei poems were "change for good," "though changing but still orthodox." It was the "positive change." Secondly, in the aspect of time and trend, Hsu Xue-I thought that in viewing Han, Wei, and Six Dynasties, the poems became weaker as the development of time. The exact time of decline was in Six Dynasties. In Wei, the poems just changed, not declined yet. Therefore, not only those could not put in the same light as the corrupted Chi and Liang poems, but also those were not the same as the loosing Six Dynasties poems. Wei poems should be discussed together with Han poems, which were originated from emotions. Finally, in the aspect of talent and skill, Hsu Xue-I had mentioned the poet talent problem when discussed Wei poems. He believed it was the talent of the poets urged the changing in Wei poems. Therefore, talent, format, and trend were the factors influencing the development of Han and Wei poems. In Wei poems, Hsu Xue-I discussed the Caos Brothers and Seven Scholars of Jian-an in terms of talent. He especially thought that Cao Zhi had the greatest talent, second Cao Cao, and then Cao Pi. Hus Xue-I studied Han and Wei ancient poems for twenty years. His statements on Han and Wei in "The Source of the Poems and the Format" surely could be clearer and penetrate on the basis of former people. Then proposed his own points of view became fairer statements between mediate retro group and Gong-An Group.