都市觀光之土地遠距連接物質流對都市永續性的影響

Effects of Material Flows Driven by Land Teleconnections of Urban Tourism to Urban Sustainability

都市仰賴廣大地區提供糧食與原料資源，以維持產業與人口的需求，其糧食與資源的流動範圍從都市周邊擴及到遠距地區。觀光除了帶動都市經濟發展，同時也影響都市系統的運作，加深都市對外界資源的依賴，然而，過去卻鮮少考量觀光對都市永續性的影響。近年來台旅客人數迅速成長，台北市是到訪程度最高的都市，為了解迅速攀升的旅客數如何影響台北市與外界之間的資源流動與消耗，本研究透過物質流分析，探討台北市2000 年至2016 年觀光發展所需仰賴的資源投入與變化情形。研究發現，台北市各觀光物質流項目佔全市總物質流的比例皆成長，特別是旅館建材與交通燃油需求，顯現都市觀光加深台北市對於外界資源的依賴度。本研究除了建議未來都市永續性評估應納入都市觀光對都市系統的影響，在都市規劃過程中，也應將都市範圍視為開放系統，納入土地遠距連接的考量，更關注於資源於都市系統內外的互動過程。

Cities rely on resources over a wide area, far beyond their adjacent peri-urban areas toward distant areas, to provide food and raw materials to satisfying urban needs. Tourism not only encourages economic growth in cities, but also increases the dependence on goods and services inflow from distant areas. Urban tourism is not included in planning objectives, and its ecological footprints, which extend well beyond adjacent peri-urban areas, are discounted in considerations of urban sustainability. Taiwan received more than 10.7 million international visitors in 2016, a quadrupling from 2.6 million international visitors in 2000. Taipei City is the major city for the inbound visitors of Taiwan. In order to understand how the rapid growth of tourism aggravates Taipei’s dependence upon inflowing resources, this study utilizes material flows analysis to demonstrate the material flows driven by tourism in Taipei during 2000 to 2016. Analytical results indicate that the proportion of the material flows driven by tourism increased in each category, especially building materials and fuel consumption of sightseeing buses. Tourism raises Taipei’s dependence on food and resources from distant areas. Our findings help raise awareness, and highlight the need to broaden the scope of urban sustainability assessments by consider the impacts of urban tourism. Moreover, the planning and management of tourism should not only be incorporated within urban planning objectives, but should also constitute a core element within the planning process.