產業脈絡對製造服務化發展模式影響之比較研究

A Comparative Research: The Influence of Industrial Context on the Manufacturing Servitization

過去製造服務化的理論多聚焦在製造服務化的不同發展模式，卻忽略實務上存在不同產業屬性，發展模式會產生不同的夥伴關係，架構出的生態系統亦會因產業別而異。本研究透過多個案研究的方式，選定台灣製造服務化發展相對成熟的產業－紡織業、電機機械業，並以受經濟部技術處「製造服務推動計畫」補助具成效的廠商為探究標的，探討製造服務化發展模式在產業層次上的差異。在跨產業的比較上，從營運模式的觀察，紡織業和電機機械業在製造服務化的發展上皆會談及「新的價值主張」、「新的核心能耐/平台」、「新的企業組織」，卻較少涉及「新的定價模式與營收模式」、「交易標的之所有權界定」兩大元素。有趣的討論存在以下兩點：一、營運模式的觀察以「平台」為產業別差異的關鍵：主要差異反映在「平台」的目的。紡織業者為「B2B2C」模式；電機機械業是基於產品生命周期較長的特性，為「B2B」模式。二、從提供者和使用者不同程度的互動關係來詮釋，亦存在產業別差異，尤其產業/產品特性的差異扮演關鍵因子，包括：產品的客製化程度、產品架構的複雜度、設備的使用年限與成本。最後，在不同業別營運模式的討論上，進一步提出對我國製造服務化發展的相關政策意涵。

Theoretical inquiries of the servitization of manufacturing used to focus mainly on the rationales and modes of the servitization of manufacturing. An issue of benign neglect concerns how industrial characteristics come to play an important role in shaping the modes and types of partnerships for manufacturing servitization and hence the ecosystem involved. To explore this issue, the research conducts multiple case studies for the relatively mature industry in Taiwan, namely the textile industry and the electrical machinery industry. Our cases are drawn from the ''project of Servitization in Manufacturing'', sponsored by Department of Industrial Technology, Ministry of Economic Affairs. Our analytical results suggest that servitization in the textile industry and the electrical machinery industry both involves the important components of business model, such as ''new proposition'', ''new core competence/platform'' and ''new corporate organization'', but has little to do with ''new pricing model/revenue model'' and ''redefinition of ownership''. In addition, interesting differences between the two sectors exist, as follows. Firstly, the role of platform is a key to the understanding of differences in business model. While servitization in the textile industry tends to take the mode of ''B2B2C'', the mode of B2B is commonplace for the cases in the electrical machinery industry, because products in the sector are featured by a long product life cycle. Secondly, the way in which providers interact with users underpins industrial differences in business model. Especially, a few factors of industrial and product characteristics, such as the degree of product customization, the complexity of product architecture, and the life span and cost of equipment are influential in shaping business model. Finally, the paper draws policy implications for the development of servitization of manufacturing in Taiwan.