中國大陸憲法人身自由保障條款之研究──從監察留置與公安逮捕比較

Research on the Guarantee Clause of Personal Freedom in the Constitution of China： Comparison between Detention and Arrest

2018年3月11日，中共當局進行第五次修憲，重點之一就是設立監察委員會，以整合現有的反腐部門。2018年3月20日，新制定的《中華人民共和國監察法》賦予監察委員會十二項調查措施，其中留置是最重要也是唯一的新措施。監察留置作為監察委員會最重要的調查措施，類似公安機關的逮捕措施，皆涉及人身自由侵犯的問題。不過，公安逮捕受到《中華人民共和國憲法》第37條規定的嚴格限制，而監察留置卻不受憲法約束，被調查人的基本人權將無法受到保障。同樣是限制人身自由的法定措施，為什麼公安機關採取逮捕措施就必須由司法機關來決定，而採取監察留置措施則由監察機關自己決定即可。本文認為公法契約理論、特別權力關係理論和合理差別理論皆無法作為監察留置合憲性的理由，更無法得出監察機關採取監察留置的正當性，因此，除非修改《憲法》或《監察法》規定，將監察留置的決定權回歸司法機關，落實憲法保留原則，才符合依法治國的精神。

On March 11, 2018, the CPC authorities carried out the Fifth Amendment of the constitution, one of the key points is to establish a supervisory committee to integrate the existing anti-corruption departments. On March 20, 2018, the newly formulated “supervision law of the people’s Republic of China” granted the supervision committee 12 investigation measures, of which detention is the most important and only new measure. As the most important investigation measure of the supervisory committee, detention is similar to the arrest measure of the public security organ, which involves the violation of personal freedom. However, while the arrest measure is strictly restricted by Article 37 of the constitution, the detention is not bound by the constitution, which will not guarantee the basic human rights of the investigated. It is also a legal measure to restrict personal freedom. The judicial organ must decide what kind of arrest measures to take, while the supervisory organ itself can decide the measures to take detention. This paper holds that the contract theory of public law, the theory of special power relationship and the theory of reasonable difference can not be used as the reasons for the constitutionality of monitoring detention, nor can we get the legitimacy of detention adopted by the supervisory organ. Therefore, not until the provisions of the constitution or the supervisory law are amended, and the decision-making power of detention is returned to the judicial organ, implementing the principle of constitutional reservation, can we say that it is in line with the spirit of “governing the country according to law”.