二水人猴交會區台灣獼猴（Macaca cyclopis）族群監測

Population monitoring on the Taiwanese macaque (Macaca cyclopis) in the human-macaque interface in Ershui in central Taiwan

位於彰化縣二水鄉豐柏區域的台灣獼猴族群受到人類活動所衝擊，本研究自2011年至2017年監測人猴交會區域之獼猴族群，目的在於了解其族群動態及族群變動參數，並檢視其影響因子。共在豐柏區域取樣186天進行觀察，記錄樣線上所遭遇到猴群及其猴群組成，以及母猴之生殖。研究期間共記錄過8個猴群，猴群數之變化與猴群分群、移入及成年母猴併入其他猴群有關。以每年5月所調查到各猴群所含個體數總和視為該區域之獼猴族群量，監測結果顯示族群量由2011年逐漸上升至2014年，但之後族群量呈現下降的趨勢。各猴群年生殖率介於26.7%－87.5%，平均為66.0%（N=25群－年），2015年始各猴群之生殖率較2011-2014年的低。研究期間共監測F1猴群26隻成年母猴，在2017年5月時42.3%成年母猴仍存活，平均年死亡率為0.148（sd=0.084）。幼猴在出生後3年以內死亡率較高，以出生後1年以內的死亡率最高（0.419）。豐柏區域台灣獼猴人為相關致死因素包括農藥加保扶（C_(12)H_(15)NO_3）中毒，以及遭流浪犬隻咬死。幼猴死亡率在2014年之後較高，亦可能是該地2014年後獼猴族群變動主要影響因子。

The Taiwanese macaque population interfacing with humans in the Fongbo area in Ershui, central Taiwan, is highly impacted by human activities. This study was aimed to monitor the macaque population in the human-macaque interface to investigate its dynamics, population parameters, and to reveal the key factors contributing to the population dynamics. We conducted field observation for 186 days from May 2011 to December 2017 to collect data on the group composition and female reproduction of macaques. A total of eight macaque troops were encountered, and the number of troops varied through the study period due to group fission, immigration and fusion. The population size was the total count of members of the macaque troops we observed in the site in May each year. The population inclined from 2011 to 2014, but declined since 2014 to 2017. The troop birth rate was between 26.7% and 87.5%. It showed that the birth rate decreased since 2015. During the study period, we tracked 26 adult females in troop F1, and 43.2% of them survived to the end of the study in 2017. The annual mortality rate of adult females was 0.148 (sd 0.084). Juvenile macaques suffered the highest mortality before reaching one year of age, while their mortality rate reduced after they reached three years of age. There was confirmed death of macaques due to human activities including pesticide poisoning, Cabofuran (C_(12)H_(15)NO_3) and predation by feral dogs. In addition, the increased mortality of 12 15 3 juvenile macaques might be the result of their population decline since 2015 in the Fongbo area.