關於緬甸中小企業融資研究

Study on the SMEs in Myanmar

不僅在發展中國家，而且在發達國家中，中小企業在發展過程中的重要作用仍然處於政策辯論的風口浪尖上，這將中小企業的發展視為有利於加快實現廣泛的社會經濟目標。中小企業的優勢多種多樣，其中包括鼓勵創業、中小企業極可能利用勞動密集型技術從而對創造就業產生直接的影響、通常可迅速建成投產並實現快速回報、可抵消大企業經濟實力。然而，在很大程度上，中小企業發展的能力取決於其投資重組、創新和資格的潛力，所有這些投資都需要資金，尤其是融資管道問題。在這種背景下，中小企業對融資問題的不斷控訴成為危及國家經濟發展的高度制約因素。過去十年來，緬甸市場經濟轉型以及隨之而來的金融改革措施已經形成了大概的政策環境和整體監管框架，鼓勵正式及非正式機構向不同的城鄉微企業及中小企業提供金融服務。該研究發現，沒有足夠的資金，則無法進行投資，所以融資仍然是中小企業發展的絕對需求。雖然緬甸的中小企業通常都採用資本投資內部融資和流動資金貿易信貸，但大多數中小企業甚至無法獲得傳統形式的銀行貸款。建議中提出了改善貸款基礎設施和減少貸款準則的一些合理說明。

Importance in the role of SMEs in the development process continues to be in the forefront of policy debates not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. The development of SME is seen as accelerating the achievement of wider socio-economic objectives. The advantages claimed for SMEs are various, including the encouragement of entrepreneurship; the greater likelihood that SMEs will utilize labor-intensive technologies and thus have an immediate impact on employment generation; they can usually established rapidly and put into operation to produce quick returns; and they may well become a countervailing force against the economic power of larger enterprises. However, the ability of SME to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and especially access to finance. Against this background, the consistently repeated complaint of SME about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic growth of the countries. At present, Myanmar's transition to a market economy and the accompanying reform measures in the financial sector during the past decade have brought about a general policy environment and an overall regulatory framework that encourage formal and informal institutions to provide financial services to different group of micro-enterprises, and small and medium-size businesses in both urban and rural areas. In this study, it finds that financing is still an absolute requirement for SME development since without adequate finance, no investment can be made. Though internal financing for capital investment and trade credit for working capital are generally used among SMEs in Myanmar, majority of the SMEs cannot access to even the conventional form of bank loan. Some reasonable answers to improve lending infrastructure and to reduce the criteria for getting loans are showed in suggestion.